¹ Latyschev, i. 94.

² Latyschev, i. 242, 243, 244.

³ C.I.G. ii. 2103 b.

⁴ i. 1, 3.

⁵ Note that Farnell, (Gk. Cults, ii. p. 689 Google Scholar) supports the view that the Cnidian statue by Praxiteles represented Aphrodite Εὔπλοια

⁶ C.I.A. ii.³ 1206.

⁷ Notice Farnell's, curious error (Greek Cults, ii. p. 733 Google Scholar) in dating this inscription in the latter part of the fourth century B.C.

⁸ C.I.G. 4443.

⁹ καὶ, Μονσ. Βιβλιοθ. Σμύρνης, 1875, p. 50 Google Scholar; B.C.H. v. 1880, 108; xii. 1888, 30.

¹⁰ Collitz, , Dial.-Inschr. 3364 b, 1. 14.Google Scholar

¹¹ Latyschev, ii. 25.

¹² For this connection with Poseidon compare Paus. vii. 24, 2, πρὸς θαλάσσης Αφροδίτης ἰερὸν ἐν Αίγίῳ καὶ μετ᾿ αὐτὸ Ποσειδῶνοσ and also Compte Rendu 1881, 134–5; 1877, 246 et seq. with the Atlas, Plate v. No. 1, where Aphrodite appears with a dolphin on a vase. C.I.G. 7390, gives the inscription on a black figured vase in which Poseidon appears with a female in a chariot, Αφροδίτης Ποσειδῶνος Πυθοκλῆσ καλόσ

¹³ C.I.G. 7309, on which Boechh comments, ‘pertinuit ad navigationem in pelago amoris.’

¹⁴ C.I.G. 8514.

¹⁵ Is it worth while to note, in view of the supposition that Posideos was a Rhodian, that the head of the sun appears on this lamp? ‘in extrema navicula caput radiatum Solis, quale esse solet in nummis Rhodiorum’ (Boeckh).

¹⁶ Gr. Götterlehre, ii. p. 706.

¹⁷ Zeitschr.f. d. Alterth. 1845. S. 166.

¹⁸ C.I.G. ii. 2133, Lat. ii. 469.

¹⁹ Lat. ii. 352.

²⁰ Lat. ii. 19.

²¹ Lat. ii. 28.

²² Lat. ii. 349, C.I.G. 2120. Another, Lat. iv. 419 (fourth century B.C.).

²³ Gr. Myth. i. p. 378.

²⁴ The word Απάτουροσ is of course derived from the Ionic festival of the Apatouria.

²⁵ Gk. Cults, ii, p. 656 et seq.

²⁶ See references in Pauly-Wissowa, , under Apaturion. I. p. 2680 Google Scholar. One of the Olbian months had this title, Lat. i. 28.

²⁷ Compte Rendu, 1859, p. 126. Atlas, plate iv. No. 1, Farnell, Gk. Cults, ii. p. 686 Google Scholar, note.

²⁸ Compte Rendu, 1871, plate v. No. 3, and p. 138, 184.

²⁹ Lat. iv. 28 a.

³⁰ Lat. ii. 343, 347, iv. 419.

³¹ Lat. ii. 19, 28.

³³ Gk. Cults, ii. p. 629.

³³ Mus. du P. K. i. 59.

³⁴ Die Antiken Münzen Nord-Griechenlands, i. 1. Plate X. No. 6.

³⁵ loc. cit. pp. 62, 63.

³⁶ Lat. ii. 344.

³⁷ Brit. Mus. Cat. Pontus, , p. 3 Google Scholar, Pl. I. 6.

³⁸ Lat. ii. 11, Dittenoerger, Syll,² No. 326, see also, Paus. 4. 31. 8. Εφεσίαν δὲ ᾿´ Αρτεμιν πόλεις τε νομίζουσιν αἰ πᾶσαι καὶ ἄνδρας ιδίᾳ θεῶν μἀλιστα ἄγουσιν ἐν τιμῆ

³⁹ Lat. ii. 421.

⁴⁰ Lat. i. 184, 185.

⁴¹ See Berlin, Catalogue under Chersonesus, and note especially Taf. i. 6 Google Scholar.

⁴² Quoted by Farnell, , Gk. Culls, ii. 567 Google Scholar from Revue des Études Grecques, 1891, p. 338.

⁴³ iv. 103.

⁴⁴ Greek Gulls, ii. 452, 3.

⁴⁵ ii. 35, 1.

⁴⁶ Early Age of Greece, vol. i. p. 182.

⁴⁷ Lat. iv. 82.

⁴⁸ Lat. i. 243.

⁴⁹ Cp. Lenormaut, , La Monnaie dans l'Antiquité, vol. i. p. 157.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Lat. i. 11.

⁵¹ Lat. i. 12. These need not necessarily liave been coins of Olbia, but may have been from Panticapaeum or Cyzicus.

⁵² Herod, iv. 17.

⁵³ De Koehne assigns them to the beginning of the fifth century or even earlier.

⁵⁴ Pick, Pl. viii. 1.

⁵⁵ Pl. x. 17.

⁵⁶ Myth, and Monum. of Ancient Athens, Harrison, and Verrall, , p. 454 Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Gk. Cults, i. p. 259.

⁵⁸ Herod, i. 19.

⁵⁹ Ion, 987 et seq.

⁶⁰ He regards the two references to the Gorgoneion, in the Iliad, (xi. 35–6, y. 741)Google Scholar as interpolations.

⁶¹ Bull. Corr. Hell. xii. (1888), p. 471. Pl. xii.

⁶² Daremberg-Saglio, Fig. 3633.

⁶³ Daremb.-Sagl., Fig. 3639.

⁶⁴ Comete Rendū, 1877, Pl. ii. 1, and p. 7.

⁶⁵ See J.H.S. xiii. 1892, p. 236, Fig. 4; p. 238, Fig. 10. (note that hore Fig. 4 is assigned to the sixth century).

⁶⁶ Antiq. dio Bosp. Cimm. Pl. xxi. 12, etc.

⁶⁷ An example of the beautiful head, without wings, is given in Compte Rendu, 1876, Pl. iii. 28, p. 147.

⁶⁸ loc. cit. Pl. viii. 4. It is given in the Berlin Catalogue, p. 19. A specimen has been added to the British Museum collection since the publication of the catalogue of Olbian coins, and is given in the accompanying Fig. 7.

⁶⁹ Types of Greek Coins, Pl. vi. 22.

⁷⁰ ibid. Pl. vii. 35.

⁷¹ ibid. Pl. x. 46.

⁷² On the coins bearing full-face heads of Nymphs, the representatives of a very large class, see Gardner, loc. cit. p. 154.

⁷³ Note the occurrence of the town-name in this form.

⁷⁴ De Koehne (p. 35, No. 6) describes a similar coin as ‘Tête de Méduse, d'un style plus moderne et avec une belle expression.’

⁷⁵ Zeitschr. f. Num. xiv. 1887, p. 5.

⁷⁶ Cp. similar coin (not the same) in accompanying Fig. 8.

⁷⁷ Is this the same coin as Pick's example, Pl. x. 10?

⁷⁸ Given by De Koehne, loc. cit. p 42 No. 3.

⁷⁹ Gk. Cults, i. p. 121, 61.

⁸⁰ Lat. i. 91.

⁸¹ Lat. i. 92.

⁸² Lat. i. 202.

⁸³ Lat. ii. 29.

⁸⁴ Cp. the dedication to Athene Σώτειρα at Chersonesus, fourth century B.C., Lat. iv. 82.

⁸⁵ Note that Farnell does not quote any of the above inscriptions in his geographical register.

⁸⁶ Lat. iv. 458.

⁸⁷ i. 105.

⁸⁸ For other references to eult of Zeus βασι λεύς see Pauly-Wissowa, , Real.-Encycl. iii. p. 82 Google Scholar, and especially Mr.Greenwell's, article, J.H.S. vol. ii. p. 78.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Lat. i. 101.

⁹⁰ Gk. Cults, i. p. 161.

⁹¹ Lat. i. 21.

⁹² Gk. Cults, i. p. 55.

⁹³ J.H.S. 1891, p. 226.

⁹⁴ (Gr. Myth.) 1². 867.

⁹⁵ See Brit. Mus. Car. of Coins, Lycaunia, p. lvi. note, ‘ολβιος well-known epithet of Zeus, would mean (1) the god of prosperity, (2) the god of Olba,’ [or in this case of Olbia]. ‘The abstract idea of prosperity is represented by the eoncrete god Zeus Olbios.’ The coins of Olba with throne and thunderbolt of Zeus Olbios date probably at the end of the tirst century B.C. and the beginning of the next.

⁹⁶ Lat. i. 242.

⁹⁷ Welcker, , Gr. G. ii. 282 Google Scholar, Polyb. xi. 27.

⁹⁸ Gr. Myth. i.¹ 136.

⁹⁹ loc. cit. p. 59.

¹⁰⁰ Pl. xi. 4.

¹⁰¹ De Koehne, loc. cit. p. 88.

¹⁰² Pl. xi. 22.

¹⁰³ If the attribution to Zeus is accepted, might it be considered as a representation of Zeus ολβιος in consideration of the reverse type?

¹⁰⁴ Preller-Kobeit, , Gr. Myth. i ¹. 385.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Lat. iv. 459.

¹⁰⁶ For references to other places where Hernies and Heracles appear together, see Preller-Robert, i. p. 415, n. 4.

¹⁰⁷ Lat. i. 75. 76.

¹⁰⁸ Pl. x. 32. 33. See also De Koehne, loc. cit. i. p. 66.

¹⁰⁹ Pl. xii. 9.

¹¹⁰ loc. cit. i. 71.

¹¹¹ Lat. ii. 25.

¹¹² loc. cit. p. 44. 45.

¹¹³ This is apparently the coin given by Pick, Pl. ix. 32.

¹¹⁴ Among other references may be given Herod. i. 148, Paus. vii. 24. 5, ( Frazer's, note), Mitth. d. Arch. Inst. 10. (1885), p 32 Google Scholar, Bull. Corr. Hell. 13. (1889), p. 279.

¹¹⁵ Herod, iv. 78, 79.—an important passage in many ways, illustrating as it does the high degree of Greek civilization attained at Olbia, and the impression it produced on the Scythian king. Kawliiison (ad. loc.) says, ‘The Milesian colonists seem to have carried the worship of the Phrygian Bacchus (Sabazius) to Olbia. Hence Olbia itself was called Σαβϊα or Σαυϊα (Peripl. P. Eux. p. 151)’—surely a most improbable derivation.

¹¹⁶ Lat. i. 12.

¹¹⁷ Lat. ii. 18, iv. 199.

¹¹⁸ Compte Rendu (passim) and Anliq. Bosp. Cimm. e.g. Pl. lx.

¹¹⁹ Herod. iv. 59, 62.

¹²⁰ The cast from which this photograph was made, was obtained through the kindness of Dr. H. Dressel, of the Royal Museum at Berlin, as were others referred to below.

It appears in Pick's plates (xii. i.).

¹²¹ Loc, cit. i. p. 84.

¹²² Pl. xi. 21.

¹²³ Nos. 115, 116 are similar.

¹²⁴ Pl. ix. 31.

¹²⁵ loc. cit. p. 58, 59.

¹²⁶ Note that the Berlin catalogue gives a coin, No. 32, with Heracles as a reverse type, and ‘over the head a small round counter-mark with youthful Helios-head with rays.’

¹²⁷ Mionnet. Suppl. iv. p. 574, 131.

¹²⁸ British Museum Catalogue, ‘Pontus,’ Pl. xxii. 15 (date circa. B.C. 290–250).

¹²⁹ But note tlie possible adoption from Sinope of the eagle standing on fish, as reverse type, referred to under Demeter.

¹³⁰ Büchsenschütz, , Besitz und Erwerb, p. 422–4Google Scholar. See Inscr. Grace. Insul. Maris Acg. i. p. 175, (appendix on Rhodian jar-handles), also an exhaustive article by Becker, , (Mélanges Gréco-Rom. vol. i. p. 416)Google Scholar.

¹³¹ Lat. ii. 54.

¹³² Lat. ii. 400.

¹³³ i. 98.

¹³⁴ Dittenberger, , Syll. ii. 837 Google Scholar (2nd edit.).

¹³⁵ Historia Numorum, p. 235, (under Istros).

¹³⁶ Latyschev, , i. 18, C.I.G. ii. add. p. 1000 Google Scholar. No. 2083. b.

¹³⁷ loc. cit. p. 57.

¹³⁸ Lat. iv. 27. Note that, Lalyschev thinks the absence of the (v) in the 2nd. line is the stonecutter's error, as it would be unusual for the uncle's name to be omitted.

¹³⁹ C.I.G. 2882.

¹⁴⁰ Lat. i. 16, B. 46.

¹⁴¹ loc. cit. p. 7. The relief is given by Uvarov, Recherches sur les Antiquités de la Rassie méridionale, 120 Google Scholar, Taf. 13.

¹⁴² Greek Votive Offerings, p. 20. Mr. Rouse is here following the author of the article Heros in Roscher's Lexicon (i. 2571), who suggests the attribution of the relief to Achilles.

¹⁴³ See Mr. Rouse himself, loc. cit. p. 210–212, on the custom ‘of dedicating models of the diseased part…Votive eyes…make up two-fifths of the whole number. Next to the eye comes the trunk.’

¹⁴⁴ Lat. i. 189.

¹⁴⁵ Lat. ii. 30.

¹⁴⁶ Orat. xxxvi. 439. M.

¹⁴⁷ In Pauly-Wissowa, Real.-Encycl. s.v. Achilleus.

¹⁴⁸ In Roseher's Lex. s.v. Achilleus.

¹⁴⁹ This is the view of Koehler, but Latyschev thinks Leuke is meant (op. cit. i. p. 167). It should be noted that C.I.G. 2. 2076 (= Lat. i. 77), which Fleischer quotes as being found on Berezan, Latyschev says is of uncertain attribution.

¹⁵⁰ i. 17.

¹⁵¹ Lat. iv. 63.

¹⁵² Note also a fragmentary inscription from Neapolis of the second century B.C.; apparently a dedication to Achilles (Lat. iv. 191).

¹⁵³ Lat. i. 172.

¹⁵⁴ For the form of the dedication cp. the one at Neapolis by Posideos Αχιλλεῖ νήσον [μεδέοντι] Lat. i. 244.

¹⁵⁵ Lat, i, 171.

¹⁵⁶ Lat. i. 13.

¹⁵⁷ Scyl. Peripl. 68; Arrian, . Per. 32 Google Scholar; Anon., Peripl. 66 Google Scholar; Amm. Marc. xxii. 8, 35; Tyr., Max. diss. xx. 7 Google Scholar; Philostr, , Heroic 20, 35Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁸ i. 77–83, iv. 17–19.

¹⁵⁹ For the dispersion of the stones of Olbia, Latyschev quotes Uvarov, (Rech. p. 32). Lat. iv. 18, is said actually to have been found among the ruins of Olbia.

¹⁶⁰ Dittenberger, , Syll. ² 600 Google Scholar; Michel, , Recueil, 839 Google Scholar, B. 2, 27.

¹⁶¹ loc cit. i. p. 84, 85, 88,

¹⁶² iv. 8, 9.

¹⁶³ Herod. iv. 82.

¹⁶⁴ loc. cit. i. 99. It should be said also that on the other side is an inscription of mudi later date, given i. 67.

¹⁶⁵ Latyschv, i. 16.

¹⁶⁶ Lat. iv. 459.

¹⁶⁷ Lat. i. 245. from Nikita, probably 3rd century B.C.; Lat. ii. 24, from Panticapaeum of 4th century B.C.; and Lat. ii. 350, from Phanagoria of 2nd century B.C.

¹⁶⁸ Lat. ii. 41. There are two similar from Phanagoria, ii. 358, 361.

¹⁶⁹ Perhaps the dedication from Panticapaeum (Lat. iv. 200) to Διΐ Γενάρχηι should be compared with this.

¹⁷⁰ Pl. x. 18–20; cp. Berlin Catalogue, 32, 117, 118.

¹⁷¹ Pl. x. 21–25; cp. De Koehne, loc. cit. p. 48. No. 54.

¹⁷² Of these coins De Koehne says, ‘Les dernières pièces de ce type indiquent déjà une époque de décadence.’

¹⁷³ Lat. i. 12, 114.

¹⁷⁴ Cp. Herod. iv. 47; et seq. and esp. iv. 82, Θωμάσια δὲ ἠ χώρῃ αὔτη οὐκ ἔχει χωρὶς ὄτι ποτα μούς τε πολλῷ μεγίστους καὶ ἀριθμὸν πλείστους

¹⁷⁵ Herod. iv. 59.

¹⁷⁶ Transactions of Royal Soc. of Literature, vol. xi. second series, p. 174, et seq.

¹⁷⁷ Pick, Pl. xi. 23, Berlin Catalogue, 132, De Koehne, loc. cit. p. 84, explains it as referring to the fact that the wealth of Olbia largely consisted in cattle.

¹⁷⁸ Pick, Pl. xii. 3.

¹⁷⁹ Professor Jebb, on ἤντεσ Sophocles, , Trach. 13 Google Scholar. The Achelous appears thus on an archaic coin of Metapontum in Lucania, , Millingen, , Anc. Coins of Grk. Citics and Kings, Pl. i. 21 Google Scholar. The coin given by Head, , Hist. Num. p. 63 Google Scholar, is not the same.

¹⁸⁰ The casts from which these photographs were made were furnished by the kindness of Dr. Dressel.

¹⁸¹ Pick, Pl. ix. 26 (Imhoof-Blumer collection).

¹⁸² Pick, ix. 27 (obverse only; the reverse numbered 27, belongs to the third coin (d) in the present illustrations), Imhoof-Blumer collection. An example is in the British Museum, No. 10, cut on p. 12 (Catal. ‘Thrace’).

¹⁸³ Imhoof-Blumer collection.

¹⁸⁴ In the Berlin collection, but not in the catalogue; Pick's coin (Pl. ix. 28) is similar, but not the same.

¹⁸⁵ Compte Rendu, 1864, p. 142.

¹⁸⁶ Berlin Catalogue, No. 93, Pick's coin, Pl. ix. 29, is not unlike this, but the resemblance is not very close.

¹⁸⁷ The coin given by Pick (Pl. ix. 32) already noted as being ascribed by De Koehne to Poseidon should probably be assigned to this series, as the reverse type is the same. The type of the head on the obverse is different from those given; it is very large, almost filling up the surface of the coin, and the horns cannot be seen on the forehead.

¹⁸⁸ An Olbian inscription found in 1900 (Lat. iv. 460), of the fourth century B.C., refers to archery contests held at Olbia. These must have been imitated from the Scythians, as Greeks in other places do not seem to have had them.

¹⁸⁹ Herod., iv. 18.