² I acknowledge my authorities in the course of the essay; but I should like here to ‘express my gratitude to Rev. E. M. Walker, of Queen's College, Oxford, and to Professor Percy Gardner for the personal help and encouragement which they have given me. It will be also plain how much I owe to the recent edition of Beloch's, Griechische Geschichte (1914)Google Scholar.

³ Th. i. 15; cf. Plato, , Laws, 708 B, 740 EGoogle Scholar.

⁴ Th. i. 10.

⁵ Beloch, , Gr. Gesch. (ed. 2), i. 1, pp. 202–3Google Scholar, for the development of the πόλις.

⁶ Cf. Bury, , History of Greece, pp. 86–7Google Scholar.

⁷ Th. i. 12, where the Athenian settlements in Ionia are treated as parallel to the Peloponnesian colonies in Italy and Sicily.

⁸ Th. i. 12.

⁹ Beloch, op. cit. i. 1. pp. 229–232 and 282 (though his views on the Homeric question have disturbed his chronology).

¹⁰ Cf. Gercke, A., ‘Die MyrmiJonen in Kyrene,’ Hermes, 1906Google Scholar. For Pamphylia, cf. Busolt, , Gr. Gesch. (ed. 2), i. p. 323Google Scholar.

¹¹ Proceedings of Classical Association, 1911, pp. 45–69.

¹² Beloch, i. 1, pp. 264–277.

¹³ Th. i. 13.

¹⁴ Her. iv. 151–2.

¹⁵ Strabo, p. 380.

¹⁶ Strabo's immediate authority cannot, apparently, be Aristotle (quoted for another fact about Tenea shortly afterwards), for in the same sentence he speaks of the Roman conquest of Corinth.

¹⁷ Th. i. 13; Strabo, p. 378.

¹⁸ Hogarth, , Ionia and the East, p. 20Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Lang, , World of Homer, p. 64Google Scholar and frontispiece. He speaks only of Ionians, but his frontispiece is taken from Sparta.

²⁰ Cf. Bury, , History of Greece, p. 86Google Scholar; Zimmern, , Greek Commonwealth, p. 249Google Scholar; Prof. Myres, loc. cit. pp. 49–50.

²¹ Her. i. 163; iv. 152.

²² Jullian, , Histoire de la Gaule, i. p. 205Google Scholar. Cyrene was not founded until 630.

²³ Busolt, , Gr. Gesch. (ed. 2), i. p. 452, n. 4Google Scholar.

²⁴ Cf. Beloch, op. cit. i. 1, p. 233.

²⁵ Cf. von Stern, E., in Clio, 1909Google Scholar; Hermes, 1915. But Prof. Myres goes too far when he says (loc. cit. p. 62): ‘it is the Pontie core as we well know, which was the primary. motive of Pontie colonisation.”

²⁶ The dates will be found in Companion to Greek Studies, p. 56. They are fully discussed in Beloch, op. cit. i. 2, pp. 218–238.

²⁷ Her. iv. 24.

²⁸ Cf. von Stern, E., Hermes, 1915 (pp. 165–172 and 190–204)Google Scholar.

²⁹ Cf. Leaf, W., J.H.S. 1916, pp. 1–16Google Scholar.

³⁰ Ibid. pp. 2–3; Strabo, 545–6.

³¹ Head, B. V., Hist. Num. (ed. 2), p. 523Google Scholar.

³² Cf. Perdrizet, , in Clio, 1910 (‘Scaptêsylê’), pp. 1–27Google Scholar.

³³ Cf. Nic., Dam., fr. 60 (F.H.G. iii.)Google Scholar.

³⁴ Cf. for a most instructive commentary on these sites, Freeman's History of Sicily, vol. i.

³⁵ Her. vii. 155.

³⁶ Cf. Liddell and Scott, s.v.

³⁷ The most recent account is to be found in the Annual of B.S.A., 1895–1896, pp. 113–140, by Weld-Blundell, H.Google Scholar (with notes by Prof. Studniczka).

³⁸ Her. iv. 156–9.

³⁹ Her. iv. 199; Diod. iii. 49; Strabo, p. 837; cf. Pind., Pyth ix. 9Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ The history of the Battid dynasty is fully discussed by Beloch, op. cit. i. 2, pp. 210–217.

⁴¹ Cf. the account by R. Murdoch Smith and E. A. Porcher of their expeditions to Gyrene (1860f.).

⁴² Cf. Curtius, , Gr. Gesch. i. cc. 3 and 4Google Scholar. His monograph, Die Griechen als Meister der Colonisation (1883), is more valuable and equally suggestive. It has been reprinted in his Altertum und Gegenwart, iii. (1889), pp. 76–89.

⁴³ Cf. especially Th. i. 27 (Epidamnus); iii. 92–3 (Heraclea); Diod. xii. 10, etc. (Thurii).

⁴⁴ Hicks and Hill, No. 41; cf. Dittenberger, , Sylloge (ed. 2), 933Google Scholar (Corcyru, nigra); also in Michel, C., Recueil (1900)Google Scholar, No. 72.

⁴⁵ The most important passage is iv. 150–160 (Cyrene).

⁴⁶ For Battos as a mere eponym, cf. Beloch, op. cit. i. 2, p. 216. The existence of Phalanthus was first questioned by Prof.Studniczka, in his brilliant monograph, Kyrene (1890)Google Scholar, and later by Sir Arthur Evans in his Horsemen of Tarentum. The arguments are elaborate, but not convincing; and the present writer is a firm believer in the value of local tradition.

⁴⁷ Her. v. 42.

⁴⁸ Beloch, op. cit. i. 1, pp. 330–1.

⁴⁹ Diod. viii. 17, 21, 23; cf. Strabo, pp. 262, 269, 278.

⁵⁰ The oracle relating to Battus in Her. iv. 155 is also suspect. There is a longer alternative in Diod. viii. 29, and since Battus is a Libyan name, both versions carry their own condemnation. For legend of Battus, cf. Gercke, , Hermes, 1906, p. 448Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Cf. Cambridge Modern History, vol. iv. p. 749.

⁵² Cf. the quotations in Zimmern, , Greek Commonwealth, p. 247Google Scholar.

⁵³ Cf. Ar., Pol. 1319Google Scholar A.

⁵⁴ Cf. Her. iv. 159.

⁵⁵ Cf. Th. vi. 4, 5. Sometimes one man seems to have acted as ‘oecist’ to two colonies: e.g. Thoucles to Naxos and Leontini (Th. vi. 3).

⁵⁶ Cf. Holm, , History of Greece (Eng. tr.), i. c. 21Google Scholar, note 1.

⁵⁷ Th. vi. 17, 2.

⁵⁸ Her. vii. 156; cf. Diod. xi. 72.

⁵⁹ Cf. Freeman, , History of Sicily, ii. p. 326Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Cf. the list of tribes given in Diod. xii 11.

⁶¹ Cf. Th. vi. 44, 2; vii. 33, 5; Diod. xii. 35; Busolt, ibid. p. 537.

⁶² Th. i. 27, 1; iii. 92, 4.

⁶³ Strabo, p. 243, who names Aeolian Cyme: hence the impossible date given by Eusebins (cf. Beloch, op. cit. i. 2, p. 242, note 3).

⁶⁴ Plut., Qu. Gr. 57Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ Th. vi. 4, 3; 5, 1.

⁶⁶ Strabo, p. 448: ἐπῆρχον σὲ καὶ ᾿Ανδρίων ἐπῆρχον σὲ καὶ ᾿Ανδρίων

⁶⁷ I offer this as a possible explanation of a curious fact. The poverty of Andros was proverbial (Her. viii. 3), though it had some fertile land (cf. Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Andros). It is hard to see on any other hypothesis how it could afford to found four colonies. For the towns of Chalcidice, cf. Harrison, E. in C.Q. 1912Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ Th. vi. 5, 2.

⁶⁹ Th. vi. 4, 1.

⁷⁰ Th. i. 24, 1.

⁷¹ Cf. Gardner, P., New Chapters in Greek History, ch. 7Google Scholar.

⁷² Her. iv. 161.

⁷³ Her. iv. 159, 160.

⁷⁴ Gercke, (‘Die Myrmidonen in Kyrene,’ in Hermes, 1906, p. 478)Google Scholar holds that the πϵρίοικοι in the first tribe represent an older stock of Greek settlers than the colonists from Thera.

⁷⁵ Th. i. 25; Her. iii. 49.

⁷⁶ Th. i. 15, 3.

⁷⁷ von Stern, E., in Hermes, 1915, pp. 161–224Google Scholar.

⁷⁸ Her. iv. 144; Strabo, p. 320.

⁷⁹ By far the best and most suggestive is Freeman's account of the Sicilian sites in his History of Sicily, vol. i.; cf. also his interesting account of the way in which the Sikels learnt from the Greeks, in vol. iii.

⁸⁰ Cf. Beloch, op. cit. i. 1, p. 231, for the contrast with the Phoenician settlements.

⁸¹ Strabo, p. 179. Fishing was also of great importance—as also, for example, at Taras (of. Evans, Horsemen of Tarentum, on types of coins) and Byzantium (Ar., Pol. 1291 B)Google Scholar.

⁸² Von Stern, loc. cit. p. 202; for further references, cf. Glover, T. R., From Pericles to Philip, pp. 304–306Google Scholar.

⁸³ Perdrizet, , Clio, 1910Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ Strabo, p. 326.

⁸⁵ Her. ii. 170.

⁸⁶ Gardner, P., New Chapters in Greek History, p. 209–211Google Scholar; the exact purpose of this building is not, however, clear. It was not the ‘Panhellenion.’

⁸⁷ Cf., for example, Zimmern, , Greek Commonwealth, p. 250Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ Her. iv. 24.

⁸⁹ Strabo, pp. 159–160.

⁹⁰ Cf. Szanto, , Das gr. Bürgerrecht, pp. 62–64Google Scholar.

⁹¹ Ar., Pol. 1319Google Scholar A, cf. 1266 B.

⁹² Her. iv. 163: συνήγειρε πάντα ἄνδρα ἐπὶ γῆς ἀναδασμῷ

⁹³ Diod. xii. 2; Ar., Pol. 1303 AGoogle Scholar; cf. Busolt, op. cit. iii. p. 529.

⁹⁴ Cf. Busolt, op. cit. iii. p. 533. Von Stern (loc. cit. pp. 175–7) discusses the allotment of land in the Pontie colony, Chersonesus.

⁹⁵ Cf. Jullian, , Hist. de la Gaule, i. pp. 201–5Google Scholar.

⁹⁶ Her. i. 163; cf. for some admirable criticism Reinach, Th. in Revue des éudes grecques, 1892, pp. 40–48Google Scholar.

⁹⁷ Cf. for an interesting discussion on this point a controversy between Mr.Blundell, H. Weld and Prof.Studniczka, in the Annual of B.S.A. 1895–1896, pp. 9–16Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ Her. iv. 17, 18; cf. von Stern, loc. cit. pp. 160–172.

⁹⁹ Diod. iii. 49.

¹⁰⁰ Her. vii. 155; cf. Busolt, op. cit. i. p. 389.

¹⁰¹ Strabo, p. 542.

¹⁰² Cf. especially Pol. 1330 A.

¹⁰³ Lord Cromer, , Ancient and Modern Imperialism, pp. 91–97, 139–143Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁴ Her. vi. 40; Plut., Cim. 4Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ Prof. Percy Gardner has pointed out to me that there is in the British Museum a bronze head from Cyrene, which indicates a distinct mixture of Greek and Berber.

¹⁰⁶ Cf. von Stern, loc. cit. pp. 190–204.

¹⁰⁷ Cf. ibid. pp. 175–7, 223.

¹⁰⁸ Strabo, p. 246. The whole chapter is of unusual interest.

¹⁰⁹ Reinach, Th., ‘La tête d'Elche au musée du Louvre,’ Revue dee études grecques, 1898, p. 59Google Scholar.

¹¹⁰ Strabo, p. 179; Ar., Pol. 1305 BGoogle Scholar: 1321 A; cf. Busolt, op. cit. i. p. 435.

¹¹¹ Cf. Busolt, op. cit. i. p. 410.

¹¹² Strabo, p. 260; Diod. xii. 12–22.

¹¹³ Bury, , History of Greece, pp. 317–318Google Scholar; cf. Strabo, p. 384.

¹¹⁴ Holm, , History of Greece (English translation), i. pp. 267–272Google Scholar, gives, to my mind, the best summary of the Greek political world in the days of colonisation.

¹¹⁵ Strabo, p. 378.

¹¹⁶ Strabo, p. 269; Th. i. 24, 2; Strabo, p. 326.

¹¹⁷ Plut., Qu. gr. 17Google Scholar.

¹¹⁸ apud Strabo, p. 447.

¹¹⁹ Strabo, p. 384.

¹²⁰ Cf. Beloch, op. cit. i. 1, pp. 233–6, for one view.

¹²¹ Strabo, loc. cit.

¹²² Nic. Dam. fr. 54 (F.H.G. iii.); Plut., Qu. gr. 32Google Scholar; cf. Her. v. 28–9.

¹²³ Cf. Beloch, op. cit. i. 2, pp. 210–217.

¹²⁴ Cf. Busolt, op. cit. i. p. 389. The authority is Hippys of Rhegium.

¹²⁵ Her. vii. 155.

¹²⁶ Von Stern, loc. cit. p. 171.

¹²⁷ Cf. Her. iv. 161–2; cf. Beloch, op. cit. i. 1.

¹²⁸ Ar., Pol. 1305 BGoogle Scholar.

¹²⁹ Her. vii. 157; cf. Bury, , History of Greece, p. 300Google Scholar.

¹³⁰ Cf. the very interesting speech of Hermocrates, in Th. iv. 59–64.

¹³¹ Von Stern, loc. cit. pp. 177–189.

¹³² Her. iv. 200–204.

¹³³ Cf. Busolt, op. cit. i. pp. 400–402.

¹³⁴ Strabo, p. 180; ἐπιτειχίσματα

¹³⁵ Strabo, p. 258: περιοικίδας ἔσχε σύχνας cf. Beloch, op. cit. i. p. 398, n. 3.

¹³⁶ Xen., Anab. v. 5, 10Google Scholar.

¹³⁷ Cf. Bury, , History of Greece, pp. 558–60Google Scholar; Freeman, , History of Federal Government, pp. 190–197Google Scholar.

¹³⁸ Cf. a remarkable paper by Dr.Imhoof-Blumer, , ‘Die Münzen Akarnaniens,’ in Num. Zeit. 1878, pp. 11–18Google Scholar.

¹³⁹ Sir George Cornewall Lewis, quoted by Cromer, op. cit. p. 8, n. 1.

¹⁴⁰ Strabo, p. 159. Th. Reinach (loc. cit. pp. 51–6) thinks that these were originally settlements of Phocaea, drawn later into the sphere of Massaliot influence.

¹⁴¹ Prof. Myres (loc. cit. p. 63) says that Miletus ‘alone among the great colonising states of the Greek world seems, until its fall, to have kept some kind of hand over its factories.’ I am disposed to think that his view of the relations between Miletus and her colonies is correct, though I do not know of any precise evidence on the point; but I cannot allow that Miletus was alone in maintaining these relations.

¹⁴² Th. i. 38, 3.

¹⁴³ Th. i. 37, 4.

¹⁴⁴ Her. iii. 48.

¹⁴⁵ Th. i. 55, 1; Strabo, p. 452.

¹⁴⁶ Nic. Dam. fr. 58.

¹⁴⁷ Th. i. 25–6.

¹⁴⁸ Th. i. 56, 2.

¹⁴⁹ Th. i. 24, 1: but Eusebius gives ol. 38, 4 (=625 B.C.).

¹⁵⁰ Strabo, p. 452; Nic. Dam. fr. 58.

¹⁵¹ Nic. Dam. fr. 60.

¹⁵² The Cypselid family is discussed by Beloch, op. cit. i. 2, pp. 274, etc.

¹⁵³ Nic. Dam. fr. 58; Strabo, p. 325.

¹⁵⁴ Her. iii. 53; Nic. Dam. fr. 60.

¹⁵⁵ Nic. Dam. fr. 60.

¹⁵⁶ C. Q. 1912, p. 177, where the evidence is fully given.

¹⁵⁷ Th. i. 26, 2; 24, 2; iii. 102, 2.

¹⁵⁸ Th. i. 108, 4; ii. 30, 1; i. 55. 1.

¹⁵⁹ Her. v. 94; vi. 34–39, 103.

¹⁶⁰ Cf. Gardner, , in Brit. Mus. Catalogue, (Thessaly), pp. 47–49Google Scholar (Introd.).

¹⁶¹ Imhoof-Blumer, op. cit. p. 11.

¹⁶² Cf. Head, , in B.M.C. (Corinth), p. 63Google Scholar (Introd.).

¹⁶³ Hist. Num. (ed. 2), p. 549; cf. Gardner, P., in J.H.S. 1913, pp. 147–188Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁴ Th. i. 34, 1; of. the corresponding Corinthian claim (ibid. 38, 2): ἐπὶ τῷ ἡγεμόνες τε είναι καὶ τὰ εἰκότα θαυμάζεσθαι

¹⁶⁵ Her. vii. 51: viii. 22; cf. Th. v. 106, 1.

¹⁶⁶ Her. vi. 38.

¹⁶⁷ Th. v. 11, 1.

¹⁶⁸ Diod. xii. 35; cf. Th. i. 25, 1 (Epidamnus).

¹⁶⁹ Th. i. 25, 4.

¹⁷⁰ Th. iii. 93, 4.

¹⁷¹ Cf. Th. v. 96, 1.

¹⁷² Th. vi. 6, 2; cf. iv. 61, 2.

¹⁷³ Her. i. 163; Plut., Qu. Gr. 11Google Scholar. Beloch (op. cit. i. 1, p. 247, n. 4) rejects this tradition; but, if false, how are we to account for its acceptance?

¹⁷⁴ Her. iv. 152.

¹⁷⁵ Th. Reinach, op. cit. pp. 52–3.

¹⁷⁶ Hill, , Historical Greek Coins, p. 22Google Scholar; Handbook of Greek Coins, p. 152.

¹⁷⁷ Hist. Num. p. 35; p. 88.

¹⁷⁸ Cf. Wroth, in B.M.C. (Pontus); but Prof.Gardner, P. (History of Ancient Coinage, p. 171)Google Scholar suggests that at first the Pontic cities used the electrum coinage of Miletus.

¹⁷⁹ Her. vii. 147.

¹⁸⁰ C.Q. 1912, pp. 91–103, 164–178.

¹⁸¹ This fact has been recently established by Prof.Gardner, ; cf. History of Ancient Coinage, p. 197Google Scholar.