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2 Bell, Duncan, ‘John Stuart Mill on colonies’, Political Theory, 38, 1, 2010, pp. 34–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Donald Winch’s influential work on the early nineteenth century politico-economic debate on emigration and colonies had also downplayed Wakefield’s influence on Marx. See Winch, Donald, Classical political economy and colonies, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965Google Scholar.

3 Neocleous, Mark, ‘International law as primitive accumulation; or, the secret of systematic colonization’, European Journal of International Law, 23, 4, 2012, pp. 941–962CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Helmut Otto Pappe’s 1951 Economic History Review article on the Wakefield–Marx connection had also failed to notice this crucial distinction: see Pappe, H. O., ‘Wakefield and Marx’, Economic History Review, 4, 1, 1951, pp. 88–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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7 By ‘social formation’ we mean the context that contains a mode of production. In the case of settler colonialism, as we outline below, this is a mode characterized by capitalism and by reintroduced yet temporary primitive accumulation.

8 Hill, Christopher, The world turned upside-down: radical ideas during the English Revolution, London: Penguin, 1972Google Scholar. See also Livingston, James, The world turned inside out: American thought and culture at the end of the 20th century, New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2010Google Scholar. It is significant that Livingston, like Wakefield, is also talking about the relationships between conservative and progressive traditions during a time of crisis.

9 For this insight about ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ in this context, see Hall, Derek, ‘Rethinking primitive accumulation’, p. 1194Google Scholar, where Hall notes that this question ‘has received little focused attention in the current literature’.

10 Pocock, J. G. A., The discovery of islands: essays in British history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For an analysis of the relationship between Pocock’s neo-Seelyan plea for a new British history and the settler colonies, see Bourke, Richard, ‘Pocock and the presuppositions of the new British history’, Historical Journal, 53, 3, 2010, pp. 747–770CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Belich, Replenishing the earth.

12 See Semmel, Bernard, The rise of free trade imperialism, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Semmel noted that Wakefield’s diagnosis of capitalism’s crisis pre-dated Marx’s analysis by two decades.

13 See Bell, Duncan, The idea of greater Britain, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 For more detailed descriptions, see Temple, Philip, A sort of conscience: the Wakefields, Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2002Google Scholar; Temple, Philip, ed., Edward Gibbon Wakefield and the colonial dream: a reconsideration, Wellington: Friends of the Turnbull Library, 1997Google Scholar; Martin, Ged, Edward Gibbon Wakefield: abductor and mystagogue, Edinburgh: Ann Barry, 1997Google Scholar; Ince, ‘Capitalism’.

15 See O’Brien, Karen, ‘Colonial emigration, public policy, and Tory romanticism 1783–1830’, in Duncan Kelly, ed., Lineages of empire: the historical roots of British imperial thought, Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 2009, pp. 161–179CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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17 For Wakefield’s formative influence on Mill’s view of settler colonization (as distinguished from India), see Bell, Duncan, ‘John Stuart Mill on colonies’, Political Theory, 38, 1, 2010, pp. 34–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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19 See O’Brien, ‘Colonial emigration’.

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21 We quote from the most authoritative edition of Wakefield’s works: Lloyd-Prichard, M. F., ed., The collected works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Glasgow: Collins, 1968Google Scholar; see A letter from Sydney, p. 135. Lloyd-Prichard’s introduction to the volume is also an excellent entry point to Wakefield’s life and work.

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23 Pateman, Carole, ‘The settler contract’, in Carole Pateman and Charles W. Mills, Contract and domination, Cambridge: Polity, 2007, pp. 35–78Google Scholar.

24 Ibid., p. 39.

25 Marx, Karl, Capital, trans. Ben Fowkes, vol. 1, London: Penguin, 1990Google Scholar (reprint of 1976 Pelican edition), p. 931, n. 1.

26 Ibid., p. 917.

27 For an outline of the ways in which ‘colonialism’ was essentially settler colonialism in the nineteenth century, see Foley, Tadhg, ‘“An unknown and feeble body”: how settler colonialism was theorized in the nineteenth century’, in Fiona Bateman and Lionel Pilkington, eds., Studies in settler colonialism, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, pp. 10–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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29 Ibid., pp. 1, 2.

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31 Denoon, Donald, Settler capitalism: the dynamics of dependent development in the southern hemisphere, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983Google Scholar.

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34 Ibid., p. 484.

35 Ibid.

36 See Neocleous, , ‘International law’, esp. p. 947Google Scholar.

37 Marx, Capital, p. 932 (emphasis in the original). Marx misquoted Wakefield on the size of Mr. Peel’s entourage: where the latter had three hundred people, the former says three thousand.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid., p. 933.

40 Ginzburg, Carlo, ‘Latitude, slaves and the Bible: an experiment in microhistory’, Critical Inquiry, 31, 3, 2005, pp. 665–683Google Scholar. For comparison with a previous pronouncement on this approach, see Ginzburg, Carlo, ‘Microhistory: two or three things that I know about it’, Critical Inquiry, 20, 1, 1993, pp. 10–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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42 See also Ince, ‘Capitalism’.

43 Brown, , ‘Logic of settler accumulation’, p. 4Google Scholar.

44 Wolfe, Patrick, ‘Race and the trace of history: for Henry Reynolds’, in Bateman and Pilkington, Studies in settler colonialism, p. 275Google Scholar.

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47 Marx, Capital, pp. 932–3. The figure of 3,000 is incorrect: Wakefield had given the number of people as 300.

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50 See Hartz, Louis, The founding of new societies: studies in the history of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia, San Diego, CA: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1964Google Scholar.

51 Wakefield as quoted in Pappe, ‘Wakefield and Marx’, p. 90.

52 Wakefield, , Letter from Sydney, p. 140Google Scholar.

53 Pocock, Discovery of islands; Belich, Replenishing the earth.

54 Neocleous, ‘International law’.

55 See, for example, the 1972 edition of a collection of Marx’s articles: Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick, On colonialism: articles from the New York Tribune and other writings, New York: International Publishers, 1972Google Scholar.

56 See Nichols, John, The ‘s’ word: a short history of an American tradition … socialism, London: Verso, 2011Google Scholar.

57 Pappe, ‘Wakefield and Marx’.

58 Wakefield, England and America, quoted in ibid., p. 92.

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60 Wakefield, England and America, quoted in Pappe, ‘Wakefield and Marx’, p. 92.

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66 Belich, Replenishing the earth.

67 See especially De Angelis, ‘Marx and primitive accumulation’.

68 John Comaroff coined the term ‘lawfare’ as ‘the effort to conquer and control indigenous peoples by the coercive use of legal means’. See Comaroff, J. L., ‘Colonialism, culture, and the law: a foreword’, Law & Social Inquiry, 26, 2001, p. 306CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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70 See Belich’s Replenishing the earth. For an example of the ‘staple theory’ of settler economic development that Belich rejects, see Drache, Daniel, ed., Staples, markets, and cultural change: selected essays of Harold Innis, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1995Google Scholar.

71 See Levine, Bruce, The spirit of 1848: German immigrants, labor conflict, and the coming of the Civil War, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1992Google Scholar.

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74 Quoted in Foley, , ‘“An unknown and feeble body”’, p. 18Google Scholar.

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76 Marx quoted in Nichols, , The ‘s’ word, pp. 81–82Google Scholar.

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