1 Alfred Zimmern, ‘The development of the international mind’, in Committee of the Geneva Institute of International Relations, The problems of peace: lectures delivered at the Geneva Institute of International Relations at the Palais des Nations, August 1926, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927, p. 3Google Scholar.

2 Northedge, F. S., The League of Nations: its life and times, 1920–1946, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1986, p. 189Google Scholar.

3 Greaves, H. R. G.: The League committees and world order: a study of the Permanent Expert Committees of the League of Nations as an instrument of international government, London: Oxford University Press, 1931, p. 133Google Scholar.

4 League of Nations Archives, United Nations Library, Geneva (henceforth LNA), 13C, doss. 28370, doc. 31904, Intellectual co-operation: report by M. Hanotaux adopted by the Council on December 13th, 1923, XXVIIe Session du Conseil: Paris, décembre 1923, 13C.

5 I examine the role of national interests and ideas in a separate article: Daniel Laqua, ‘Internationalisme ou affirmation de la nation? La coopération intellectuelle transnationale dans l'entre-deux-guerres’, Critique Internationale, no. 52, 2011.

6 Susan Pedersen, ‘Back to the League of Nations?’, American Historical Review, 112, 4, 2007, pp. 1091–1117; Patricia Clavin, ‘Europe and the League of Nations’, in Gerwarth, Robert, ed., Twisted Paths: Europe, 1914–1945, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 325–54Google Scholar. In the run-up to its centenary, the International Labour Organization has launched its Century Project: for a survey of recent research, see Jasmien Van Daele, ‘The International Labour Organization (ILO) in past and present research’, International Review of Social History, 53, 3, 2008, pp. 485–511.

7 Renoliet, Jean-Jacques, L’UNESCO oubliée: la Société des Nations et la coopération intellectuelle, 1919–1946, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1999Google Scholar. Cf. F. S. Northedge, ‘International intellectual co-operation within the League of Nations: its conceptual basis and lessons for the present’, PhD thesis, University of London, 1953; Kolasa, Jan, International intellectual cooperation: the League experience and the beginnings of UNESCO, Wrocław: Zakład Naradowy im Ossolinskich, 1962Google Scholar.

8 UNESCO, 60 ans d’histoire: actes du colloque international, 16–18 novembre 2005, Paris: UNESCO, 2007Google Scholar.

9 Iriye, Akira, Cultural internationalism and world order, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997, p. 3Google Scholar.

10 Werner Scholz, ‘Frankreichs Rolle bei der Schaffung der Völkerbundkommission für internationale intellektuelle Zusammenarbeit 1919–1922’, Francia, 21, 3, 1994, pp. 145–59; Riemens, Michael J., De passie voor vrede: de evolutie van de internationale politieke cultuur in de jaren 1880–1940 en het recipieren door Nederland, Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, 2005Google Scholar; idem, ‘International academic cooperation on international relations in the interwar period: the International Studies Conference’, Review of International Studies, 37, 2011, pp. 911–28.

11 On the term’s origins in the Dreyfus Affair, see e.g. Jeremy Jennings and Anthony Kemp-Walsh, ‘The century of the intellectual: from the Dreyfus Affair to Salman Rushdie’, in Jennings, Jeremy and Kemp-Walsh, Anthony, eds., Intellectuals in politics: from the Dreyfus Affair to Salman Rushdie, London: Routledge, 1997, pp. 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar. As Collini has emphasized, political engagement was also a concern for British intellectuals: Collini, Stefan, Absent minds: intellectuals in Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006Google Scholar.

12 An overview of the United Nations Intellectual History Project is available at http://www.unhistory.org(consulted 17 March 2011).

13 Patricia Clavin, ‘Defining transnationalism’, Contemporary European History, 14, 4, 2005, pp. 421–39.

14 Charle, Christophe, Schriewer, Jürgen, and Wagner, Peter, eds., Transnational intellectual networks: forms of academic knowledge and the search for cultural identities, Frankfurt: Campus, 2004Google Scholar; Emma Rothschild, ‘Arcs of ideas: international history and intellectual history’, in Budde, Gunilla, Conrad, Sebastian, and Janz, Oliver, eds., Transnationale Geschichte: Themen, Tendenzen und Theorien, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006, pp. 217–26Google Scholar.

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16 Bell, Duncan, ed., Victorian visions of global order: empire and international relations in nineteenth-century political thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schmidt, Brian C., The political discourse of anarchy: a disciplinary history of international history, Albany, NY: State of New York University Press, 1998Google Scholar; Nick Vaughan-Williams, ‘International relations and the “problem of history”’, Millennium, 34, 1, 2005, pp. 115–36.

17 Camille Bloch, ‘Centres de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine’, L’Esprit International: The International Mind, no. 3, 1927, p. 350.

18 See e.g. Guessler Normand, ‘Henri Barbusse and his Monde (1928–35): progeny of the Clarté movement and the review Clarté’, Journal of Contemporary History, 11, 1, 1976, pp. 173–97.

19 Guido Müller, ‘France and Germany after the Great War: businessmen, intellectuals and artists in non-governmental European networks’, in Gienow-Hecht, Jessica and Schumacher, Frank, eds., Culture and international history, New York: Berghahn, 2003, p. 104Google Scholar. For a detailed treatment of Rohan’s activities, see Müller, Guido, Europäische Gesellschaftsbeziehungen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg: das deutsch–französische Studienkomitee und der Europäische Kulturbund, Munich: Oldenbourg, 2005CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Interestingly, Rohan did not use a direct parallel in the French and German titles, employing ‘International Federation of Intellectual Unions’ and ‘European Cultural Union’ respectively.

20 Otlet, Paul, La société intellectuelle des nations, Paris: Alcan, 1919Google Scholar (= extract from Scientia, 25, 1919).

21 The pioneering study of Otlet’s work is Rayward, Boyd, The universe of information: the work of Paul Otlet for documentation and international organisation, Moscow: FID, 1975Google Scholar. On the Belgians’ efforts before 1914, see Daniel Laqua, ‘Transnational endeavours and the “totality of knowledge”: Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine as “integral internationalists” in fin-de-siècle Europe’, in Brockington, Grace, ed., Internationalism and the arts in Britain and Europe at the fin de siècle, Oxford: Peter Lang, 2009, pp. 247–71Google Scholar.

22 Renoliet, L’UNESCO oubliée, pp. 11–17.

23 Anne Rasmussen, ‘L’internationale scientifique, 1870–1914’, PhD thesis, EHESS Paris, 1995.

24 Bourgoeis, Léon, Organisation of intellectual work: report by M. Léon Bourgeois, French representative, adopted by the Council on September 2nd, 1921, Geneva: League of Nations, 1921, p. 3Google Scholar.

25 Iriye, Cultural internationalism, p. 58.

26 Zimmern, Alfred, Prospects of civilization, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939, p. 13Google Scholar.

27 Manela, Erez, The Wilsonian moment: self-determination and the international origins of anti-colonial nationalism, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 5Google Scholar.

28 Callahan, Michael, Mandates and empire: the League of Nations and Africa, 1914–1931, Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 1999Google Scholar; idem, A sacred trust: the League of Nations and Africa, 1929–1946, Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2004; Susan Pedersen, ‘The meaning of the Mandates system: an argument’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 32, 4, 2006, pp. 560–82; eadem, ‘Metaphors of the schoolroom: women working the Mandates system of the League of Nations’, History Workshop Journal, 66, 2008, pp. 188–207.

29 Marie Sandell, ‘A real meeting of the women of the East and West: women and internationalism in the interwar period’, in Laqua, Daniel (ed.), Internationalism reconfigured: transnational ideas and movements between the World Wars, London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 161–85Google Scholar; Paisley, Fiona, Glamour in the Pacific: cultural internationalism and race politics in the women’s Pan-Pacific, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30 Nitobe, a Japanese Christian, has been described as ‘Japan’s foremost internationalist before the war’: Iriye, Cultural Internationalism, p. 65.

31 Julien Luchaire, Confession d’un français moyen, Florence: Leo. S. Olschiki, vol. 2, pp. 85–6.

32 Anesaki was preceded by the physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate, who sat on the CICI from 1926 to 1933.

33 IICI Archives, UNESCO, Paris, A.XI.13: Relations diverses avec le Japon, Letter to Junzo Sato, 14 May 1937.

34 Kuß, Susanne, Der Völkerbund und China: technische Kooperation und deutsche Berater, 1928–1934, Münster: LIT, 2005, pp. 69–72Google Scholar. See also Françoise Kreissler, ‘L’Institut International de Coopération Intellectuelle et la Chine: un partneriat privilégié?’, in UNESCO, 60s ans d’histoire, pp. 89–91.

35 Katharina Rietzler, ‘Experts for peace: structures and motivations of philanthropic internationalism in the interwar years’, in Laqua, Internationalism reconfigured, pp. 52–7.

36 See IICI Archives, A.III.68: 2e Conférence des C.N. américaines, La Havane.

37 Ibid., letter from Daniel Secretan, 25 April 1939.

38 Ibid., letter sent from Rio de Janeiro, 6 October 1945.

39 Morefield, Jeanne, Covenants without swords: idealist liberalism and the spirit of empire, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005Google Scholar; Julia Stapleton, ‘The classicist as a liberal intellectual: Gilbert Murray and Alfred Eckhard Zimmern’, in Stray, Christopher, ed., Gilbert Murray re-assessed: Hellenism, theatre, and international politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 261–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mazower, Mark, ‘No enchanted palace: the end of empire and the ideological origins of the United Nations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 66–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar; John Toye and Richard Toye, ‘One world, two cultures? Alfred Zimmern, Julian Huxley and the ideological origins of UNESCO’, History, 95, 319, 2010, pp. 308–31.

40 Gonzague de Reynold, La formation de l’Europe, 8 vols., Fribourg and Paris: Libraire de l’Université/Plon, 1944–59.

41 Fédération Internationale des Unions Intellectuelles, ‘Xe rapport du sécretariat général: IVe assemblée à Heidelberg et Francfort s./M., le 20, 21, 22 octobre 1927’, in LNA, 13C, doss. 61990, doc. 34468, Collaboration entre la Commission Internationale de Coopération Intellectuelle et la Fédération Internationale des Unions Intellectuelles.

42 Caldéron, Francisco Garciá, Latin America: its rise and progress: with a preface by Raymond Poincaré, transl. Bernard Miall, London: Unwin, 1913, p. 289Google Scholar. On ideas of Latin America and nationhood, see Miller, Nicola, In the shadow of the state: intellectuals and the quest for national identity in twentieth-century Spanish America, London: Verso, 1999Google Scholar.

43 Garciá Caldéron, Latin America, pp. 290, 298, and 323–4 respectively.

44 Ibid., pp. 339 and 343 respectively.

45 Horan, Elizabeth and Meyer, Doris, eds., This America of ours: the letters of Gabriela Mistral and Victoria Ocampo, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2003, p. 98Google Scholar.

46 Iriye, Cultural internationalism, p. 35.

47 IICI Archives, A.XI.31: Relations diverses avec l’Egypte, Luchaire to Drummond, 28 December 1927.

48 Ibid., ‘L’Egypte et la coopération intellectuelle’, Le Caire, 16 March 1931.

49 IICI Archives, A.XI.23: Relations diverses avec le Brésil, Jean-Jacques Mayout to Dominique Braga, 19 October 1945.

50 Murray, Gilbert and Tagore, Rabindranath, East and West, Paris: IICI, 1935Google Scholar. There were unsuccessful efforts to solicit a Japanese contribution to this series: IICI Archives, A.XI.13: Relations diverses avec le Japon, Bonnet to Masayuki Yokoyama, 6 November 1933.

51 Letter to C. F. Andrews, 10 May 1921, in Tagore, Rabindranath, Selected writings of Rabindranath Tagore: a miscellany, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1996, p. 305Google Scholar.

52 Joad, C. E. M., Counter attack from the East: the philosophy of Radhakrishnan, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1933, pp. 39 and 37 respectivelyGoogle Scholar.

53 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, Eastern religions and Western thought, 2nd edn, London: Humphrey Milford and Oxford University Press, 1940Google Scholar.

54 Ibid., p. viii.

55 For a survey of approaches to cosmopolitanism, see Steven Vertovec and Robin Cohen, ‘Introduction: conceiving cosmopolitanism’, in Vertovec, Steven and Cohen, Robin, eds., Conceiving cosmopolitanism: theory, context, and practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 1–22Google Scholar.

56 Robert John Holton, ‘Cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitanisms? The Universal Races Congress of 1911’, Global Networks, 2, 2, 2002, pp. 153–70. See also Marilyn Lake, ‘Universal Races Congress’, in Akira Iriye and Pierre-Yves Saunier, eds., Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 1079–80.

57 First Universal Races Congress, Papers on inter-racial problems: First Universal Races Congress: London 26–29 July 1911, London, 1911. The New York Times called it ‘one of the most unique gatherings ever held’: ‘Universal Races Congress’, New York Times, 13 June 1911.

58 Holton, ‘Cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitanisms?’, p. 162.

59 W.E.B. Du Bois, ‘The First Universal Races Congress. Presented in 1911 at a conference in London’, in Zuckerman, Phil, ed., The Social Theory of W. E. B. Du Bois, London: Sage, 2005, p. 26Google Scholar. On Du Bois’s challenging of the concept of ‘race’, see Anthony Appiah, ‘The uncompleted argument: Du Bois and the illusion of race’, Critical Inquiry, 12, 1, 1985, pp. 21–37.

60 IICI Archives, D.IV.11: Congrès des Races, letter from Ivan Efremov, 27 March 1928.

61 Ibid., Note by J. E. de Vos van Steenwijk, 29 March 1928.

62 Cf. Herman Marie Bernelot Moens, Towards perfect man: contributions to somatological and philosophical anthropology, New York: n.p., 1922Google Scholar. Piet de Rooy, ‘Moens, Herman Marie (1875–1938)’, in Biografisch woordenboek van Nederland, http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn4/moens (consulted 9 November 2009); Donna M. Wells, ‘The Moens affair: Washington between the wars’, in Battle, Thomas and Wells, Donna M., eds., Legacy: treasures of black history, Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2006Google Scholar.

63 IICI Archives, D.IV.11: Congrès des Races, Note (for Weiss), 12 June 1928.

64 Ibid., Note by Julien Luchaire, 4 March 1928.

65 Sunil Amrith and Glenda Sluga, ‘New histories of the United Nations’, Journal of World History, 19, 2, 2008, pp. 251–74. Cf. Glenda Sluga, ‘Introduction’, in UNESCO, 60 ans d’histoire, p. 58.

66 Lewis, David Levering, W. E. B. Du Bois: The fight for equality and the American Century 1919–1963, New York: Henry Holt, 2000, p. 38Google Scholar.

67 Ibid., p. 38. On the first Pan-African Congress, see C. G. Conte, ‘Du Bois, the NAACP, and the Pan-African Congress of 1919’, Journal of Negro History, 57, 1, 1972, pp. 13–28.

68 Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, pp. 42–4.

69 Scholz, ‘Frankreichs Rolle’, p. 153.

70 Mazlish, Bruce, Civilization and its contents, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004Google Scholar.

71 Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, ‘Nationalism and internationalism’, in Olby, Robert C. et al., eds., Companion to the history of modern science, London: Routledge, 1990, pp. 909–19Google Scholar.

72 Payot, Jules, Le travail intellectuel et la volonté, Paris: Alcan, 1930, p. 30Google Scholar.

73 Crawford, Elisabeth, Nationalism and internationalism in science, 1880–1939: four studies of the Nobel population, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 61CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

74 On the relationship between science and the nation, see Jessen, Ralph and Vogel, Jakob, eds., Wissenschaft und Nation in der europäischen Geschichte, Frankfurt: Campus, 2002Google Scholar. On visual art and national identity, see e.g. Facos, Michelle and Hirsh, Sharon, eds., Art, culture and national identity in fin-de-siècle Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003Google Scholar; Eric Storm, ‘Painting regional identities: nationalism in the arts, France, Germany and Spain, 1890–1914’, European History Quarterly, 39, 4, 2009, pp. 557–82.

75 See von Ungern-Sternberg, Jürgen, Der Aufruf ‘An die Kulturwelt!’: das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kulturpropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg, Stuttgart: Steiner, 1996Google Scholar.

76 Payot, Le travail intellectuel, pp. 30–1.

77 Curtius, Ernst R., Der Syndikalismus der Geistesarbeiter in Frankreich, Bonn: Verlag Friedrich Cohen, 1921Google Scholar.

78 Alfred Zimmern, ‘The League and international intellectual co-operation’, in Committee of the Geneva Institute of International Relations, Problems of peace, p. 150.

79 Schroeder-Gudehus, Brigitte, Les scientifiques et la paix: la communauté scientifique internationale au cours des années 20, Montreal: Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1978Google Scholar; Reinbothe, Roswitha, Deutsch als internationale Wissenschaftssprache und der Boykott nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2006Google Scholar.

80 Crawford, Nationalism and internationalism, p. 69. See also Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, ‘Pas de Locarno pour la science’, Relations Internationales, no. 46, 1986, pp. 173–94.

81 Jimena Canales, ‘Einstein, Bergson and the experiment that failed: intellectual cooperation at the League of Nations’, MLN, no. 120, 2005, pp. 1168–91; Grundmann, Siegfried, The Einstein dossiers: science and politics – Einstein’s Berlin period, Berlin: Springer, 2005Google Scholar.

82 LNA, 13C, doss. 33899, doc. 33877, Relations of Committee on Intellectual Cooperation with Germany: correspondence respecting criticisms of Prof. Lowes-Dickinson and Prof. G. Murray, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, ‘The League of Nations and the German universities’, letter 15 February 1924.

83 Gilbert Murray, ‘League and Germany’, The Times, 5 March 1924. Murray’s action was described as ‘even more serious and deplorable’: LNA, Correspondence respecting criticisms, Oskar Halecki to Henri Bergson, 7 March 1924.

84 LNA, Correspondence respecting criticisms, Gonzague de Reynold, ‘La Commission de Coopération Intellectuelle et les Allemands’.

85 Ibid., Henri Bergson to Oskar Halecki, 13 March 1924 (see also Bergson to Halecki, 9 March 1924).

86 Renoliet, L’UNESCO oubliée, pp. 41–2. Cf. Riemens, De passie voor vrede, p. 235.

87 LNA, Correspondence respecting criticisms, Oskar Halecki to Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, 20 February 1924.

88 Ibid., Oskar Halecki to Gonzague de Reynold, 5 March 1924.

89 Ibid., Eric Drummond to Henri Bergson, 11 March 1924.

90 Ibid., Henri Bergson to Oskar Halecki, 13 March 1924.

91 Renoliet, L’UNESCO oubliée, pp. 15–26, 44–9; Scholz, ‘Frankreichs Rolle’.

92 Taillibert, Christel, L’Institut international du cinématographe international éducatif: regards sur le rôle du cinéma éducatif dans la politique internationale du fascisme italien, Paris: Harmattan, 1999Google Scholar.

93 Madeleine Herren, ‘“Outwardly … an innocuous conference authority”: National Socialism and the logistics of international information management’, German History, 20, 1, 2002, pp. 67–92.

94 Bundesarchiv Berlin, Reichskanzlei: Akten betreffend Internationale Kongresse. Auswärtige Angelegenheiten 11, R 43 1, 559, ‘No. 202: Berlin, 22. Dezember 1934, Reichsminister für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda an sämtliche Reichsministerien. Betr: Einrichtung einer wissenschaftlichen Kongresszentrale’.

95 Müller, ‘France and Germany’, p. 104.

96 See e.g. IICI Archives, A.XI.13: Relations diverses avec le Japon, Asyske Kabayama to Bonnet, 27 July 1934. On the Kokusai Bunka Shinkōkai, see Sang-Mi Park, ‘Japan’s cultural diplomacy and the establishment of culture bureaus’, WIAS Discussion Paper No. 2008-009, Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Tokyo, 2009, http://www.waseda.jp/wias/achievement/dp/pdf/dp2008009.pdf (consulted 17 March 2011).

97 Werner Winterstein, ‘Education’, in Young, Nigel J., ed., The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, vol. 2, pp. 39–42Google Scholar.

98 By ‘modern peace movement’, I mean the movement whose transnational links were exemplified by the Universal Peace Congresses (from 1889) and the International Peace Bureau (from 1891).

99 Rowntree, Arthur, Education in relation to internationalism, London: School Peace League, 1911Google Scholar.

100 Elly Herman, ‘Aspects du movement international de l’éducation pour la paix dans l’entre-deux-guerres’, in Bariéty, Jacques and Fleury, Antoine, eds., Mouvements et initiatives de paix dans la politique internationale 1867–1928, Bern: Peter Lang, 1987, pp. 171–200Google Scholar.

101 Steiner, Rudolf, Vom nationalen Egoismus zum Internationalismus: die Globalisierung des Geistes, des Rechtes und der Wirtschaft: ein Vortrag in Zürich am 30. Oktober 1919, repr. Munich: Archiati, 2006, p. 6Google Scholar.

102 Ibid., p. 30.

103 Ibid., p. 22.

104 See Kevin Brehony, ‘A New Education for a New Era: creating international fellowship through conferences, 1921–1938’, Paedagogica Historica, 40, 5/6, 2004, pp. 733–55.

105 ‘From our German correspondent’, New Era, no. 8, 1921, p. 247.

106 Leo Fernig, ‘The International Bureau of Education: a centre of the Progressive Education/New Education movement’, http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/FERNIG_2.PDF (consulted 2 March 2009).

107 Eckhardt Fuchs, ‘Der Völkerbund und die Institutionalisierung transnationaler Bildungsbeziehungen’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 54 (2006), pp. 888–99; idem, ‘The creation of new international networks in education: the League of Nations and educational organizations in the 1920s’, Paedagogica Historica, 43, 2, 2007, pp. 199–209.

108 Joyce Goodman, ‘Working for change across international borders: the Association of Headmistresses and Education for International Citizenship’, Paedagogica Historica, 43, 1, 2007, pp. 165–80.

109 For American internationalists, education had a dual purpose: providing a basis for peace and creating a more receptive climate for the promotion of League membership. See Kuehl, Warren F. and Dunn, Lynne K., Keeping the covenant: American internationalists and the League of Nations, 1920–1939, Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1997, pp. 64–75Google Scholar.

110 Fuchs, ‘Der Völkerbund’, p. 896.

111 Bourgeois, Organisation, p. 3.

112 Kreissler, ‘L’Institut International de Coopération Intellectuelle’, p. 90; Kuß, Der Völkerbund, pp. 172–73.

113 Kuß, Der Völkerbund, pp. 175–82.

114 Ibid., pp. 191–2.

115 UAI, L’université internationale: notice et programme, Brussels: UAI, 1920Google Scholar.

116 LNA, C13, series 10501–17850 (R1009), Stephen Duggan (Institute of International Education) to Inazō Nitobe, 18 April 1921. I am indebted to Katharina Rietzler for drawing my attention to this document.

117 See letter of 13 February 1923 forwarded to Luchaire and the brochure ‘Capri alla Commissione di Cooperazione Intellettuale della Lega delle Nazioni’, in LNA, C13, doss. 256567, doc. 25657, Proposed formation of an Intellectual Centre at Capri.

118 LNA, 13C, doss. 28370, doc. 45163, Documents in Plan of M. Bárány, Upsala, [sic] for an international university, 13C, doc. 45163, doss. 28370. On Bárány’s scheme, see also Riemens, De passie voor vrede, p. 301.

119 See International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Hendrik De Man papers, part V, dossier 211.

120 Oskar Halecki, ‘Le problème de l’Université internationale : rapport préliminaire soumis à la Commission de Coopération Intellectuelle (Sous-Commission universitaire)’, p. 1, in LNA, 13C, doss. 28370, doc. 34984, Création d’une Université Internationale: rapport préliminaire soumis à la Sous-Commission universitaire de la Commission de Coopération Intellectuelle.

121 Ibid., p. 2.

122 Ibid., p. 5.

123 ‘University questions: observations of University of Queensland in reply to enquiry of November, 1924 (Original in 13c/46556/41361)’, in LNA, 13C, doss, 28370, doc. 46566, Establishment of an international university: correspondence with the government of Australia.

124 LNA, 13C, doss, 28370, doc. 44965, Proposed international university: correspondence with the government of Latvia, letter from the Latvian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 30 June 1925.

125 Greaves, League committees, p. 137.

126 Ibid., p. 138.

127 See Senate House Library, London, MS 822, six letters by Professor H. R. G. Greaves, written between 1942 and 1953.

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130 League of Nations, International Labour Conference: tenth session, vol. 2: Report of the Director presented to the Conference, Geneva: International Labour Office, 1927, para. 210, pp. 235–6.

131 Albert Thomas, ‘Adresse du Bureau International du Travail’ of 15 November 1922, Der Geistesarbeiter: Zeitschrift für die Organisierung der geistigen Arbeit und der geistigen Arbeiter / Le Travailleur Intellectuel: Revue de l’Organisation du Travail Intellectuel et des Travailleurs Intellectuels, 1, 2, 1922, p. 4.

132 Ostwald described the analysis of intellectual workers’ needs as the launch pad for his organization: Wilhelm Ostwald, Lebenslinien: eine Selbstbiographie, Berlin: Klasing, 1927, vol. 3, pp. 287–310. See also Thomas Hapke, ‘Wilhelm Ostwald und seine Initiativen zur Organisation und Standardisierung naturwissenschaftlicher Publizistik: Enzyklopädismus, Internationalismus und Taylorismus am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts’, in Meinel, Christoph, ed., Fachschrifttum, Bibliothek und Naturwissenschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, pp. 157–74Google Scholar.

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136 IICI Archives, B.IV.12: Fédération Internationale des Arts, des Lettres et des Sciences, ‘Rapport sur la Fédération Internationale des Arts, des Lettres et des Sciences, late May 1926’.

137 Bourgeois, Organisation, p. 3.

138 Zimmern, ‘The League’, p. 145.

139 For a contemporary’s perspective, see Reinsch, Paul, Public international unions: their work and organization: a study in international administrative law, Boston, MA: World Peace Foundation, 1911, pp. 36–8Google Scholar.

140 Isabella Löhr, ‘Der Völkerbund und die Entwicklung des Schutzes geistigen Eigentums in der Zwischenkriegszeit’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 54, 10, 2006, p. 906.

141 Ibid., p. 910.

142 See e.g. CICI, Enquiry into the conditions of intellectual work, Geneva: League of Nations, 1923Google Scholar.

143 IICI, A.I.10: Projet de l’organisation de l’I.I.C.I. par M. J. Destrée, doc. C.288.1925XII, Report of the CICI, 27 May 1925.

144 For instance, following suggestions by Jean Gérard (of the Union Française des Organismes de Documentation), the IICI published a guide to documentation centres. On French ventures in this field, see Fayet-Scribe, Sylvie, Histoire de la documentation en France: culture, science et technologie de l’information, 1895–1937, Paris: CNRS Editions, 2000CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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146 LNA, doss. 25658 (R1051), Correspondence with Der Geistesarbeiter concerning formation of an international library, letter of 12 January 1923.

147 Cim, Albert, Le travail intellectuel, Paris: Alcan, 1924, p. 8Google Scholar.

148 Ibid., p. 9. On the importance of order in the development of the social sciences, see Wagner, Peter, A history and theory of the social sciences: not all that is solid melts into the air, London: Sage, 2001Google Scholar.

149 IICI Archives, D.VII.9: Projet d’un annuaire des progrès de la connaissance (Projet du Professeur Pijoan), ‘Note concernant la publication, sous les auspices de la Société des Nations, d’un annuaire des progrès de la connaissance par Joseph Pijoan’.

150 Ibid., Joseph Pijoan to Henri Bonnet, 21 October 1931.

151 Ibid., Daniel Secrétan to Jean Daniel de Montenach, 20 November 1931.

152 Doninique Bourel, ‘Présentation, Henri Berr (1863–1954)’, in Biard, Agnès, Bourel, Dominique, and Brian, Eric, eds., Henri Berr et la culture du XXe siècle: histoire, science et philosophie, Paris: Albin Michel, 1997, p. 14Google Scholar.

153 Giuliana Gemelli, ‘L’encyclopédisme au XXe siècle: Henri Berr et la conjoncture des années vingt’, in ibid., pp. 269–93.

154 Discussions on this issue started in October 1925. By 1926, tensions between the two organizations had emerged because the IICI was not prepared to give Berr the space for a fully fledged documentation service: see IICI Archives, B.IV.14: Centre International de Synthèse.

155 Anna Katharina Wöbse, ‘“To cultivate the international mind”: der Völkerbund und die Förderung der globalen Zivilgesellschaft’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 54, 10, 2006, pp. 852–63; Iriye, Akira, Global community: the role of international organizations in the making of the contemporary world, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006Google Scholar; Boli, John and Thomas, George, eds., Constructing world culture: international nongovernmental organizations since 1875, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999Google Scholar.

156 Aggie Hirst, ‘Intellectuals and US foreign policy’, in Parmar, Inderjeet, Miller, Linda B., and Ledwidge, Mark, eds., New directions in US foreign policy, New York: Routledge, 2009, p. 107Google Scholar.