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2 Ibid., p. 29, emphasis in original.

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4 On Rashīd al-Dīn, see Park, Hyunhee, Mapping the Chinese and Islamic worlds: cross-cultural exchange in pre-modern Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 133–144 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Blair, Sheila S., A compendium of chronicles: Rashid al-Din’s illustrated history of the world, London: Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 13 Google Scholar; Boyle, John Andrew, ‘Rashid al-Din: first world historian’, Iran, 9, 1971, pp. 19–26 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Krawulsky, Dorothea, The Mongol Ilkhans and their vizier Rashid al-Din, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2011, p. 119 Google Scholar. For Ibn Khaldūn, see Issawi, Charles, An Arab philosophy of history: selections from the Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun of Tunis (1332–1406), London: John Murray, 1950 Google Scholar; Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah: an introduction to history, trans. Franz Rosenthal, 3 vols, 2nd edn, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press for the Bollingen Foundation, 1967; Spengler, Joseph J., ‘Economic thought in Islam: Ibn Khaldun’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6, 3, 1964, pp. 268–306 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On historians of later periods, see Cornell H. Fleischer, Bureaucrat and intellectual in the Ottoman empire: the historian Mustafa Âli (1541–1600), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986; Bernard Lewis and P. M. Holt, eds., Historians of the Middle East, London: Oxford University Press, 1962; Cornell H. Fleischer and Hakan Karateke, eds., Historians of the Ottoman empire, https://ottomanhistorians.uchicago.edu (consulted 29 November 2016).

5 Dale, Stephen Frederick, The orange trees of Marrakesh: Ibn Khaldun and the science of man, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6 Ibid., p. 263.

7 Ibid., p. 261, citing Toynbee, Arnold, A study of history, vol. 3, New York: Oxford University Press, 1962, pp. 321–328 Google Scholar.