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Centring the periphery: northern Morocco as a hub of transnational anti-colonial activism, 1930–43*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2016

David Stenner
David Stenner*
Affiliation:
Department of History, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA 23606, USA E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

During the interwar years, Moroccan anti-colonial activists organized a propaganda campaign abroad to discredit the French and Spanish protectorates that had been established in 1912. Yet it was not the famous nationalist leaders from the country’s major urban centres but a small group from the marginalized northern city of Tetuan that played a pivotal role in the internationalization of the Moroccan question. This article demonstrates that, by analysing the emergence of Morocco’s nationalist movement through a transnational framework, rather than within the confines of the nation-state, we can rearrange the geographical and political hierarchies of local history as previously disregarded individuals and locations suddenly emerge to the forefront of the narrative.

Keywords

colonialismdecolonizationMoroccoperipherytransnationalism
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Global History , Volume 11 , Issue 3 , November 2016 , pp. 430 - 450
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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Footnotes

*

I thank Stacy Fahrenthold, Omnia El Shakry, Jonathan Wyrtzen, Susan G. Miller, and the editors and two anonymous reviewers for the Journal of Global History for providing valuable feedback at various stages of this project. Funding was provided by the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at UC Berkeley, the Mabelle McLeod Lewis Memorial Fund, the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR), the France–Berkeley Fund, and the Department of History at UC Davis.

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99 De Madariaga, Marruecos, p. 294. See also RML, Shakib Arslan File, letter from Mekki Naciri to Arslan, 3 September 1937.

100 Halstead, Rebirth of a nation, pp. 243–52.

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106 BFA, Tayeb Bennouna File, Tayeb Bennouna, ‘Bayt al-ba‘atha al-maghribiyya project in Egypt’, undated; letter from Tayeb Bennouna to Beigbeder, 23 June 1938.

107 AGA, 10 (119.04), Box 55/27193, ‘Dahir reorganizado la Casa de Marruecos en Egipto (23 Septiembre 1942)’, Boletín Oficial de la Zona de Protectorado Español en Marruecos, 33, 30 November 1942, p. 1169.

108 AGA, 10 (119.04), Box 55/27193, ‘Mission del Instituto Libre de Tetuán en el Cairo a Don Carlos de Miranda’, 4 October 1941.

109 AGA, 10 (119.04), Box 55/27193, ‘Nota del alto comisario’, 25 October 1943.

110 BFA, Mehdi Bennouna File, photo of the Moroccan delegation at the Arabic-Islamic Parliamentary Conference for the Defence of Palestine during a visit to the headquarters of the Misr al-Fatat Party, 28 September 1938.

111 CADN, 1MA/200/338, ‘Ambassade de France au Caire au Résident général Noguès’, 26 June 1939.

112 BFA, Mehdi Bennouna File, letter from Mehdi Bennouna to Tayeb Bennouna, 10 March 1939.

113 MDL, Shakib Arslan Collection, letter from Arslan to Daoud, 26 August 1939.

114 BFA, Mehdi Bennouna File, Letters from Mehdi Bennouna to Tayeb Bennouna, 28 December 1938 & 19 January 1939.

115 BFA, ‘Abdelkhaleq Torres File, Letter Committee for the Defence of Morocco in the Middle East to ‘Abdelkhaleq Torres, 30 November 1937.

116 AGA, 15 (13.01), Box 81/1902, La cuestión de Marruecos, 24 March 1943, Al-Ahram.

117 AGA, 10 (119.04), Box 55/27193, Informe sobre la situación de la Casa de Marruecos en el Cairo: delegación de educación y cultura en Tetuán, 13 Febrero 1950.

118 AGA, 15 (13.01), Box 81/1902, Ministro de España en el Cairo al Alto Comisario en Tetuán, 29 March 1943.

119 Payne, Stanley G., Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008, pp. 44–56 Google Scholar; Hoisington, William A., The Casablanca connection: French colonial policy, 1936–1943, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1984, pp. 136–158 Google Scholar.

120 Nerín and Bosch, El imperio que nunca existió, pp. 25–8.

121 Sir Samuel Hoare quoted in Smyth, Denis, Diplomacy and strategy of survival: British policy and Franco’s Spain, 1940–41, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 46 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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123 Lauzière, Henri, The evolution of the Salafiyya in the twentieth century through the life and thought of Taqi al-Din al-Hilali, PhD thesis, Georgetown University, 2008, pp. 264–269 Google Scholar.

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127 Kramer, Martin, Arab awakening and Islamic revival: the politics of ideas in the Middle East, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996, p. 131 Google Scholar.

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132 AGA, 15 (13.01) Box 81/2382, ‘Informe Figueras’, undated, p. 97.

133 Ibid., p. 98.

134 Stenner, David, ‘Networking for independence: the Moroccan nationalist movement and its global campaign against French colonialism’, Journal of North African Studies, 17, 4, 2012, pp. 1–22 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.