1 Scott, Robert A., The Gothic enterprise: a guide to understanding the medieval cathedral, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003, ch. 1Google Scholar. The term ‘Latin West’ is used here because I also discuss the Byzantine empire, which was partly located in Europe. To avoid cumbersome description, I will henceforth use the word ‘Europe’ to stand in for the Latin West.

2 Kimpel, Dieter and Suckale, Robert, Die gotische Architektur in Frankreich 1130–1270, Munich: Hirmer Verlag, 1985, pp. 67–76Google Scholar. Compare Elena Paskaleva, ‘The architecture of the Four-Īwān building tradition as a representation of paradise and dynastic power aspirations’, PhD thesis, Leiden University, 2010.

3 Campbell, James W. P., Brick: a world history, London: Thames & Hudson, 2003, ch. 3Google Scholar.

4 Ibid., p. 92.

5 Dumarçay, Jacques and Royère, Pascal, Cambodian architecture, eighth to thirteenth centuries, trans. and ed. by Michael Smithies, Handbook of Oriental Studies, section 3: South-East Asia, vol. 12, Leiden: Brill, 2001, p. 109Google Scholar.

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7 Michell, George, ed. Architecture of the Islamic world: its history and social meaning, London: Thames & Hudson, 1984, pp. 209–80Google Scholar. Other surveys include Creswell, K. A. C., A short account of early Muslim architecture, revised and supplemented by James W. Allan, Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1989Google Scholar; Hillenbrand, Robert, Islamic architecture: form, function and meaning, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994, pp. 66–128Google Scholar; Shokooy, M., Muslim architecture of South India, London: Routledge, 2002Google Scholar.

8 Referring to Pomeranz, Kenneth, The great divergence: China, Europe, and the making of the modern world economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000Google Scholar, and the subsequent debate about the argument found in that book, in the pages of this journal, and elsewhere.

9 Other examples include Karel Davids, ‘River control and the evolution of knowledge: a comparison between regions in China and Europe, c. 1400–1800’, Journal of Global History 1, 1, 2006, pp. 59–80, and Finlay, Robert, The pilgrim art: cultures of porcelain in world history, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010Google Scholar.

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12 Ibid., p. 13.

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21 Alan Borg and Robert Mark, ‘Chartres cathedral: a reinterpretation of its structure’, Art Bulletin, 55, 1973, pp. 367–72; M. Wolfe and R. Mark, ‘Gothic cathedral buttressing: the experiment at Bourges and its influence’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 33, 1974, pp. 17–26; William Clark and Robert Mark, ‘The first flying buttresses: a new reconstruction of the nave of Notre-Dame de Paris’, Art Bulletin, 66, 1984, pp. 47–65; Mark, Light, ch. 1 and pp. 108–22.

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57 Ronald Lewcock, ‘Architects, craftsmen and builders: materials and techniques’, in Michell, Architecture, pp. 131, 134; Mayer, Islamic architects, p. 28.

58 Shatzmiller, Maya, Labour in the medieval Islamic world, Leiden: Brill, 1994, p. 211Google Scholar.

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65 Lon Shelby and Robert Mark, ‘Late Gothic structural design in the “Instructions” of Lorenz Lechler’, Architectura, 9, 1979, p. 115.

66 Ibid.

67 Lon Shelby, ‘The geometrical knowledge of mediaeval master masons’, Speculum 47, 1972, p. 397.

68 Shelby and Mark, ‘Late Gothic structural design’, p. 117; Paul Frankl, ‘The secret of the mediaeval masons’, Art Bulletin, 27, 1945, p. 49.

69 Scott, Gothic enterprise, p. 106.

70 Shelby and Mark, ‘Late Gothic structural design’, p. 118.

71 Ibid., pp. 118–20.

72 Harvey, John, Mediaeval craftsmen, London: B.T. Batsford, 1975, ch. 5Google Scholar.

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74 Scott, Gothic enterprise, pp. 141–2.

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76 François Bucher, ‘Design in Gothic architecture: a preliminary assessment’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 27, 1968, p. 51.

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80 Kimpel and Suckale, Gothische Architektur, pp. 45–54; Hiscock, Nigel, The symbol at your door: number and geometry in religious architecture of the Greek and Latin Middle Ages, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007Google Scholar; Ball, Universe of stone, ch. 5.

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82 Pacey, Arnold, Medieval architectural drawing: English craftsmen’s methods and their later persistence (c.1200–1700), Stroud: Tempus, 2007, pp. 59, 139Google Scholar; Gerbino, Anthony and Johnston, Stephen, Compass and rule: architecture as mathematical practice in England, New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2009, ch. 1Google Scholar; Ackerman, James S., Origins, imitation, conventions: representation in the visual arts, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, p. 31Google Scholar. Bucher, ‘Design’, disagrees, but his examples refer to late Gothic.

83 Salzman, Building in England, p. 520. Radding and Clark, Medieval architecture, ch. 7, argue that there was a single individual who designed the whole building, but fail to address the implications of the fact that the execution of that design usually took many generations, and was thus subject to numerous personnel changes among the builders in charge of the project.

84 Meischke, Gothische bouwtraditie, p. 163.

85 James, Template-makers, pp. 119, 198.

86 Pacey, Medieval architectural drawing, esp. ch. 2.

87 Lon Shelby, ‘Medieval mason’s tools: the level and the plumb rule’, Technology and Culture, 2, 1961, pp. 127–30.

88 James, Template-makers, chs. 2 and 7.

89 Ibid.

90 Ibid., 86.

91 Harvey, Mediaeval craftsmen, p. 126; Janse and de Vries, Werk en merk, p. 50.

92 James, Template-makers, p. 34.

93 Clark and Mark, ‘Flying buttresses’; Mark, Light, p. 105.

94 M. Wolfe and R. Mark , ‘The collapse of the vaults of Beauvais cathedral in 1284’, Speculum 51, 1976, pp. 462–76

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96 James, Chartres, ch. 2.

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102 Ibid., pp. 26, 56–7, 116.

103 Ibid., pp. 72, 80–1.

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112 Patel, Building communities, pp. 85, 87.

113 Ibid., p. 163.

114 Ledderose, Ten thousand things, ch. 5; see also Zhang, Yuhuan, ed. History and development of ancient Chinese architecture, Beijing: Science Press, 1986, p. 471Google Scholar; Guo, Chinese architecture, p. 93; Watson, Arts of China, p. 85.

115 Guo, Chinese architecture, ch. 7. For other Chinese building manuals, see Ruitenbeek, Carpentry, pp. 24–31.

116 Guo, Chinese architecture, ch. 7.

117 Ibid., pp. 93–6; Zhang, Chinese architecture, pp. 471–2; Ledderose, Ten thousand things, p. 137.

118 Cf. S. R. Epstein and Maarten Prak, ‘Introduction: guilds, innovation and the European economy, 1400–1800’, in idem, eds., Guilds, innovation and the European economy, 1400–1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 14.

119 Guo Chinese architecture, ch. 10. The drawings discussed in Zhang, Chinese architecture, pp. 473–4, seem either to relate to urban planning or to date from a later era. Those pictured in Ruitenbeek, Carpentry, p. 53, are highly stylized, suggesting variations of standard models.

120 De Bisscop, Nicole, Onder dak in China: oude architectuurmodellen uit het Henan museum, exhibition catalogue, Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis, Brussels: Mercatorfonds, 2007, p. 53Google Scholar.

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126 Radding and Clark, Medieval architecture, proposes a more elegant solution, pointing to parallel changes in philosophy and building style in the Paris basin in the first half of the twelfth century as an expression of similar intellectual developments, without claiming a direct impact from one upon the other.

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128 Shelby, Gothic design techniques; Shelby and Mark, ‘Late Gothic structural design’.

129 David T. Yeomans, ‘Early carpenters’ manuals 1592–1820’, Construction History, 2, 1986, p. 14.

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145 Segers, ‘Studien’, pp. 179–80.

146 Schock-Werner, ‘Bauhütte und Zunft’, in Legner, Die Parler, pp. 64–5.

147 Ousterhout, Byzantium, pp. 49–57.

148 Ibid., p. 50.

149 Golombek, et al., Timurid architecture, vol. 1, p. 67.

150 Lewcock, ‘Architects’, p. 133.

151 al-Hassan and Hill, Islamic technology, pp. 267–9.

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