Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T20:31:10.309Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Clitic-Affix Distinction, Historical Change, and Scandinavian Bound Definiteness Marking

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2008

Kersti Börjars  and
Pauline Harries
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the literature on grammaticalization, it is generally assumed that there are two categories of bound elements, clitics and affixes, and that a development from the former to the latter is an example of gram-maticalization. Frequently, this development in form is assumed to be associated with a change in function. In this paper, we argue that a simple dichotomy between clitic and affix does not do justice to the variation found between bound elements, nor to the changes they undergo over time. We also argue that changes in form are not always accompanied by a change in function. We illustrate our discussion with the history and current distribution of definiteness marking in Scandinavian.*

Type
ARTICLES
Information
Journal of Germanic Linguistics , Volume 20 , Issue 4 , December 2008 , pp. 289 - 350
Copyright
Society for Germanic Linguistics 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abraham, Werner & Leiss, Elisabeth. 2007. On the interfaces between (double) definiteness, aspect, and word order in Old and Modern Scandinavian. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 80.17–44.Google Scholar
Andersen, Henning. 2005. On the handbook of historical linguistics. Diachronica 22.155–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Stephen R. 1992. A-morphous morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Stephen R. 1993. Wackernagel's revenge: Clitics, morphology, and the syntax of second position. Language 69.68–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Stephen R. 1996. How to put your clitics in their place, or why the best account of second-position phenomena may be something like the optimal one. The Linguistic Review 13.165–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Stephen R. 2005. Aspects of the theory of clitics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Michael. 2004. A new introduction to Old Norse. London: Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London.Google Scholar
Barnes, Michael P., & Weyhe, Eivind. 1994. Faroese. The Germanic languages, ed. by König, Ekkehard & van der Auwera, Johan, 190–218. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo, & Payne, John. Forthcoming. There are no clitics. Morphology and its interfaces, ed. by Galani, Alexandra, Hicks, Glyn, & Tsoulas, George. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Börjars, Kersti. 1994. Swedish double determination in a European typological perspective. Nordic Journal of Linguistics (Special issue on typology) 17.219–253CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börjars, Kersti. 1998. Feature distribution in Swedish noun phrases. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Börjars, Kersti. 2003. Morphological status and (de)grammaticalization: The Swedish possessive. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 26.133–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börjars, Kersti & Donohue, Mark. 2000. Much ado about nothing—features and zeroes in Germanic noun phrases. Studia Linguistica 54.309–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Börjars, Kersti, Eythorsson, Thorhallur, & Vincent, Nigel. 2002. On defining degrammaticalization. Paper presented at New Reflections on Grammaticalization. Available at www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/SubjectAreas/LinguisticsEnglishLanguage/Staff/NigelVincent/Publications/.Google Scholar
Bresnan, Joan. 2001. Lexical-functional grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle, & Janda, Richard. 2001. Introduction: Conceptions of grammaticalization and their problems. Language Sciences 23.93–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, Östen. 2007a. Definite articles in Scandinavian: Competing grammaticalization processes in standard and non-standard varieties. Dialectology meets typology, ed. by Kortmann, Bernd, 147–80. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Dahl, Östen. 2007b. Grammaticalization in the north: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Dalrymple, Mary. 2001. Lexical functional grammar. New York: Academic press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delbrück, Berthold. 1911. Germanische Syntax III. Leipzig: Teubner.Google Scholar
Delsing, Lars-Olof. 1993. The internal structure of noun phrases in the Scandinavian languages. Doctoral dissertation. Lund: Lund University.Google Scholar
Di Sciullo, Anne-Marie, & Williams, Edwin. 1987. On the definition of word. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew. 2005. Definite articles. World atlas of language structures, ed. by Haspelmath, Martin, Dryer, Matthew, Gil, David, & Comrie, Bernard, 154–156. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dyvik, Helge. 1979. Omkring fremveksten av artiklene i norsk. Maal og Minne, 40–78.Google Scholar
Embick, David, & Noyer, Rolf. 2001. Movement operations after syntax. Linguistic Inquiry 32.555–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faarlund, Jan Terje. 2004. The syntax of Old Norse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Faarlund, Jan Terje. 2007. From clitic to affix: The Norwegian definite article. Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 79.21–46.Google Scholar
Faarlund, Jan Terje, Lie, Svein, & Ivar Vannebo, Kjell. 1997. Norsk referanse-grammatikk. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Falk, Hjalmar, & Torp, Alf. 1900. Dansk-norskens syntax i historisk fremstilling. Kristiania: Aschehoug.Google Scholar
Falk, Yehuda. 2001. Lexical-functional grammar: An introduction to parallel constraint-based syntax. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Halpern, Aaron. 1992. The Balkan definite article and pseudo-second position. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. by Buszard-Welcher, Laura A., Wee, Lionel, & Weigel, William. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.Google Scholar
Hamann, Silke. 2005. The diachronic emergence of retroflex segments in three languages. Link—tijdschrift voor linguïstiek te Utrecht 15.29–48.Google Scholar
Hankammer, Jorge, & Hove Mikkelsen, Line. 2002. A morphological analysis of definite nouns in Danish. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 14.137–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Aage. 1927. Bestemt og obestemt substantiv: bidrag til dansk substantivsyntaks. K⊘behavn: Arnold Busck.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1976. The Scandinavian languages—An introduction to their history. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Heinrichs, Heinrich Matthias. 1954. Studien zum bestimmten Artikel in den germanischen Sprachen. Giessen: Wilhelm Schmitz Verlag.Google Scholar
Hodler, Werner. 1954. Grundzüge einer germanischen Artikellehre. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J., & Closs Traugott, Elizabeth. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jespersen, Otto. 1917. Negation in English and other languages. Copenhagen: A. F. H⊘st.Google Scholar
Jónnsson, Finnur. 1901. Det norsk-islandske skjaldesprog omtr. 800–1300. Copenhagen: S. I M⊘llers Bogtrykkeri.Google Scholar
Julien, Marit. 2005. Nominal phrases from a Scandinavian perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kock, Axel. 1919. Fornnordiska böjningsformer. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 35.55–99.Google Scholar
Kuteva, Tania, & Heine, Bernd. 2008. The explanatory value of grammaticalization. Linguistic universals and language change, ed. by Good, Jeff, 215–230. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leiss, Elisabeth. 2000. Artikel und Aspect. Die grammatischen Muster von Definitheit. Berlin: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, William B. 1955. An introduction to Modern Faroese. Tórshavn: F⊘roya Skúlabókagrunnur.Google Scholar
Lohndal, Terje. 2007. On the structure and development of nominal phrases in Norwegian. Nominal determination. Typology, context constraints, and historical emergence, ed. by Stark, Elisabeth, Leiss, Elisabeth, & Abraham, Werner, 287–310. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundeby, Einar. 1965. Overbestemt substantiv i norsk og de andre nordiske språk. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Matthews, Peter. 1991. Morphology. An introduction to the theory of word-structure. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Musinowicz, Alexander. 1911. Die Stellung des attributiven Adjektivs im Altisländischen und Altnorwegischen. Ein Beitrag zur altnordischen Syntax. Lepzig: Universität Leipzig.Google Scholar
Neckel, Gustav. 1924. Die Entwicklung von schwachtonigem altnordischem u (o) vor m aus helleren Vokalen und der altnordische Substantivartikel. Festschrift für Eugen Mogk zum 70. Geburtstag, 387–412. Halle: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick. 1998. Language form and language function. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Nilsson, Kim G. 1968. Noun and article in Swedish. Studia Linguistica 22.51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norde, Muriel. 1997. The history of the genitive in Swedish. Doctoral dissertation. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Noreen, Adolf. 1892. Bidrag till den fornnordiska slutartickelns historia. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 8.140–152.Google Scholar
Payne, John, & Börjars, Kersti. 1994. Swedish noun phrases meet categorial grammar. Proceedings of the 14th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics and the 8th Conference of Nordic and General Linguistics. Special session on Scandinavian syntax, ed. by Cecilia, Hedlund & Holmberg, Anders, 111–125. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg.Google Scholar
Perridon, Harry. 1989. Reference, definiteness, and the noun phrase in Swedish. Doctoral dissertation. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Plank, Frans. 2003. Double articulation. Noun phrase structure in the languages of Europe, ed. by Plank, Frans, 337–396. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Roberts, Ian, & Roussou, Anna. 2003. Minimalist approaches to grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seip, Didrik Arup. 1958. Den etterhengte artikkel i nordisk. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap 18.231–61.Google Scholar
SigurÐsson, Halldór Ármann. 2006. The Icelandic noun phrase: Central traits. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 121.193–236.Google Scholar
Sijmons, Barend. 1906. Einleitung. Die Lieder der Edda, ed. by Gering, Hugo & Sijmons, Barend. Halle: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.Google Scholar
Söderwall, K. F. 1891. Ordbok över det svenska medeltids-språket. Lund: Berlingska.Google Scholar
Stilo, Donald. 2005. Iranian as buffer zone between the universal typologies of Turkic and Semitic. Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic, and Turkic, ed. by Csató, Éva, Isaksson, Bo, & Jahani, Carina, 35–63. London: Routledge Curzon.Google Scholar
Stump, Gregory T. 2001. Inflectional morphology: A theory of paradigm structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teleman, Ulf, Hellberg, Staffan, & Andersson, Erik. 1999. Svenska Akademiens Grammatik. Stockholm: Nordstedts.Google Scholar
Thráinsson, Höskuldur, Petersen, Hjalmar, í Lon Jacobsen, Jógvan, & Svabo Hansen, Zakaris. 2004. Faroese: An overview and reference grammar. Tórshavn: F⊘roya FróÐskaparfelag.Google Scholar
Valfells, Sigrid, & Cathey, James. 1981. Old Icelandic: An introductory course. Oxford: Oxford University Press (in association with the American-Scandinavian Foundation).Google Scholar
van Gelderen, Elly. 2004a. Economy, innovation, and prescriptivism: From Spec to Head and Head to Head. Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 7.59–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Gelderen, Elly. 2004b. Grammaticalization as economy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessén, Elias. 1956. Svensk språkhistoria. III Grundlinjer till en historisk syntax. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Williams, Edwin. 2007. Dumping lexicalism. The Oxford handbook of linguistic interfaces, ed. by Ramchand, Gillian & Reiss, Charles, 353–381. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zwicky, Arnold M. 1977. On clitics. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.Google Scholar
Zwicky, Arnold M. & K. Pullum, Geoffrey. 1983. Cliticization vs. inflection: English. n't. Language 59.502–513.Google Scholar