Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-g4j75 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-10T20:44:25.646Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On the Investigation of 1920s Vienna Jewish Speech: Ideology and Linguistics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2008

Neil G. Jacobs
Neil G. Jacobs
Affiliation:
The Ohio State UniversityDepartment of Germanic Languages and Literatures314 Cunz HallColumbus, OH 43120–1229 [[email protected]]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

This paper aims to establish a framework for the investigation of Vienna Jewish speech (VJS)—the German spoken natively by Jews in Vienna during the 1920s and 1930s. The role of the ideological approach or perspective in the investigation of Jewish ethnolects of German (JG) is discussed at length. It is argued that the investigation of VJS—and of JG generally—must recognize the context of Yiddish linguistics in the broader sense. The paper also considers possible Jewish varieties of German that may have served as models for VJS. Consideration of VJS sheds light on the general linguistic discussion of borrowing vs. language shift.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Germanic Linguistics , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , Fall 1996 , pp. 177 - 217
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Germanic Linguistics 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Althaus, Hans Peter. 1972. Western Yiddish and German dialects: Examples of a contrastive dialectology. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of Jewish Studies 1969, ed. by Shinan, Avigdor, 4.1–15. Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies.Google Scholar
Althaus, Hans Peter. 1981. Soziolekt und Fremdsprache: Das Jiddische als Stilmittel in der deutschen Literatur. Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie 100. 212–32.Google Scholar
Avé, Lallemant, Friedrich, Christian Benedikt. 1858–1962. Das deutsche Gaunerthum in seiner socialpolitischen, literarischen und linguistischen Ausbildung zu seinem heutigen Bestande. 4 Theile. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.Google Scholar
Beckermann, Ruth. 1989. Unzugehoerig: Oesterreicher und Juden nach 1945. Vienna: Loecker Verlag.Google Scholar
Bin-Nun, Jechiel. 1973. Jiddisch und die deutschen Mundarten. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. [ = Fischer, Jechiel. 1936. Das Jiddische und sein Verhältnis zu den deutschen Mundarten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der ostgalizischen Mundart. Erster Teil, erste Hälfte: Allgemeiner Teil. (Dissertation, Heidelberg, 1934.) Leipzig: Buchdruckerei Oswald Schmidt.]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borokhov, Ber. 1966. Shprakh-forshung un literatur-geshikhte. Gezamlt un tsunoyfgeshtelt: Nakhmen Meyzl. Tel-Aviv: I. L. Peretz Publishing House.Google Scholar
Burnadz, J. M. 1966. Die Gaunersprache der Wiener Galerie. Lübeck: Verlag für Polizeilicb.es Fachschrifttum.Google Scholar
Eckardt, G. 1911. Wie man in Riga spricht. (Separat-Abdruck aus der “Baltischen Monatsschrift” 1904, Heft Nr. 7.) Riga: Kommissionsverlag von Jonck und Poliewsky.Google Scholar
Franke, Hartwig. 1991. Zur inneren und äusseren Differenzierung deutscher Sondersprachen. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 58. 57–62.Google Scholar
Freidenreich, Harriet. 1991. Jewish politics in Vienna, 1918–1938. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Freimark, Peter. 1979. Language behaviour and assimilation: The situation of the Jews in Northern Germany in the first half of the nineteenth century. Leo Baeck Insitute Yearbook 24.157–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerzon, Jacob. 1902. Die jüdisch-deutsche Sprache. Eine grammatischlexikalische Untersuchung ihres deutschen Grundbestandes. Cologne: S. Salm.Google Scholar
Gilman, Sander. 1986. Jewish self-hatred: Anti-semitism and the hidden language of the Jews. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Gilman, Sander. 1990. Karl Kraus, Oscar Wilde and the hidden language of the Jews. Karl Kraus: Diener der Sprache, Meister des Ethos, ed. by Strelka, Joseph, 125–38. Tübingen: Francke Verlag.Google Scholar
Gold, David. 1984. “Gentlemen, we know more Yiddish than we admit” (On Werner Weinberg's Die Reste des Jüdischdeutschen.) Jewish Language Review 4.77–123.Google Scholar
Guggenheim-Grünberg, Florence. 1950. Die Sprache der Schweizer Juden von Endingen und Lengnau. Zurich: Jüdische Buch-Gemeinde.Google Scholar
Guggenheim-Grünberg, Florence. 1954. The horse-dealers' language of the Swiss Jews of Endingen and Lengnau. The field of Yiddish 1, ed. by Weinreich, Uriel48–62. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York.Google Scholar
Guggenheim-Grünberg, Florence. 1973. Jiddisch auf alemannischem Sprachgebiet: 56 Karten zur Sprachund Sachgeographie. Zurich: Juris.Google Scholar
Hänsel, Ludwig. 1934. Karl Kraus. Hochland 32, H. 3. (December), 237–50.Google Scholar
Herzog, Marvin, Uriel Weinreich, and Vera Baviskar. 1992. The language and culture atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry, Vol. 1. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Hoge, Kerstin. 1991. From “anti-daytshmerish” to the “hidden standard”: The dynamics of the Yiddish standardization process. M.A. thesis, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Hoge, Kerstin. 1994. The disruption of a triglossic situation as a motivating factor for language death: The case of Western Yiddish. The Germanic mosaic: Cultural and linguistic diversity in society, ed. by Blackshire-Belay, C., 129–36. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Hutterer, Claus-Jürgen. 1965. The phonology of Budapest Yiddish. The field of Yiddish 2, ed. by Weinreich, Uriel, 116–46. London, The Hague, and Paris: Mouton and Co.Google Scholar
Hutton, Christopher. 1993. Normativism and the notion of authenticity in Yiddish linguistics. The field of Yiddish 5, ed. by Goldberg, David, 11–57. Evanston: Northwestern University Press; New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.Google Scholar
Iggers, Wilma. 1967. Karl Kraus: A Viennese critic of the twentieth century. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Neil. 1992. The investigation of 1920s Vienna Jewish speech. Paper delivered at the Seventh Annual Symposium on Austrian Literature and Culture, April 30–May 2, 1992, University of California, Riverside.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Neil. 1994a. Structure, standardization, and diglossia: The case of Courland Yiddish. Insiders and outsiders, ed. by Lorenz, D. and Weiberger, G., 89–99. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Neil. 1994b. Borrowing versus language shift among 19th-century Yiddish speakers. Paper presented at the Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting, Boston, January 6–9, 1994.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Neil. and Loon, Joseph. 1992. The geography of Ashkenaz: On the development of an ethnogeographic information system (EGIS). Shofar 10.4. 6–30.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Neil. 1995. The sociolinguistics of 1920s Vienna Jewish speech. Paper presented at the Germanic Linguistics Annual Conference, University of Michigan, April 20–22, 1995.Google Scholar
Kalmanovitsh, Zelik. 1926. Der yidisher dialekt in kurland. Landoy-bukh: D'r Alfred Landoy tsu zayn 75stn geboyrntog dem 25stn november 1925 fun zayne gute-fraynt un talmidim 161–88. (Shriftn fun yidishn visnshaftlekhn institut, band 1, filologishe serye, 1). Vilna: Vilner farlag fun B. Kletskin.Google Scholar
Katz, Dovid. 1983. Zur Dialektologie des Jiddischen. Dialektologie: Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung, ed. by Besch, Werner et al. , 1018–41. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kiefer, Ulrike. 1990. Interlinguale Sprachgeographie: Distributionelle Strukturen im deutsch-jiddischen Kontinuum. Doctoral dissertation: Columbia University.Google Scholar
Kloss, Heinz. 1978. Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen seit 1800. 2nd edn. Düsseldorf: Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann.Google Scholar
Kohn, Caroline. 1975. Der Wiener jüdische Jargon im Werke von Karl Kraus. Modern Austrian Literature, 8.240–67.Google Scholar
Kranzmayer, Eberhard. 1953. Lautwandlungen und Lautverschiebungen im gegenwärtigen Wienerischen. Eine phonetisch-phonologische Studie auf Soziologischer Grundlage. ZMF 21.197–239.Google Scholar
Kranzmayer, Eberhard. 1983. Prinzipien der Sprachentwicklung am Beispiel des Lautbestandes der bairischen Mundarten. Die Wiener dialektologische Schule, ed. by Wiesinger, Peter, 113–51. Vienna: Verlag Karl M. Halosar. [Partial reprint of Eberhard Kranzmayer 1956, Historische Lautgeographie des gesamtbairischen Dialektraumes. Vienna: H. Böhlaus Nachf.]Google Scholar
Landau, Alfred and Wachstein, Bemhard. 1911. Jüdische Privatbriefe aus dem Jahre 1619. Vienna: Wilhelm Braumüller.Google Scholar
Lowenstein, Steven M.. 1979. The Yiddish written word in nineteenth-century Germany. Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 24.179–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCagg, William. 1989. A history of Habsburg Jews, 1670–1918. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 1991. Zur Rekonstruktion des jüdischdeutschen Wortschatzes in den Mundarten ehemaliger “Judendorfer” in Südwestdeutschland. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 58, 267–93.Google Scholar
Mendelssohn, Moses. 1783. Sefer netivot ha-shalom. Berlin: George Friedrich Starke.Google Scholar
Mendelssohn, Moses. 1804–1805. Sefer Zemirot Yisrael. Offenbach: Tsevi Hirsh u-veno Avraham Shpits.Google Scholar
Meyer, Hermann M. Z. 1965. Moses Mendelssohn Bibliographic mit einigen Ergänzungen zur Geistesgeschichte des ausgehenden 18. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, David Neal. 1990. Ashkenaz: Paradigm and resistance. Paper delivered at the conference: The Role of Geography in Jewish Civilization—Perceptions of Space, Place, Time, and Location in Jewish Life and Thought, October 21–22, 1990, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Moosmüller, Sylvia. 1987. Soziophonologische Variation im gegenwärtigen Wiener Deutsch: eine empirische Untersuchung. (Zeitschrift fur Dialektologie und Linguistik. Beihefte, 56.) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Rée, Anton. 1844. Die Sprachverhältnisse der heutigen Juden im Interesse der Gegenwart und mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Volkserziehung. Hamburg: Verlag von Hermann Gobert.Google Scholar
Roberge, Paul. 1992. Afrikaans and the ontogenetic myth. Language and Communication, 12, 31–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozenblit, Marsha. 1983. The Jews of Vienna, 1867–1914: Assimilation and identity. Albany: SUNY Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaechter, Mordkhe. 1969. The “hidden standard”: A study of competing influences in standardization. The field of Yiddish 3, ed. by Herzog, Marvin, Ravid, Wita, and Weinreich, Uriel, 284–304. London, The Hague, and Paris: Mouton.Google Scholar
Schnitzler, Leopold. 1966. Prager Judendeutsch. Gräfelfing bei München: Gans.Google Scholar
Schuster, Mauriz and Schikola, Hans. 1984. Sprachlehre der Wiener Mundart. Vienna:Österreichischer Bundesverlag.Google Scholar
Shmeruk, Chone. 1979. Mahazot mikra'iyim be-yidish, 1697–1750. Jerusalem: Ha-akademiya ha-leumit ha-yisraelit lemada'im.Google Scholar
Shpirn, Tsvi. 1926. Di yidishe shprakh in ungarn. Landoy-bukh: D”r Alfred Landoy tsu zayn 75stn geboyrntog dem 25stn november 1925 fun zayne gute-fraynt un talmidim, 195–100. (Shriftn fun yidishn visnshaftlekhn institut, band 1, filologishe serye 1.) Vilna: Vilner farlag fun B. Kletskin.Google Scholar
Stalek, R. 1928. Materialn tsum burgnlender yidish. Filologishe shriftn 2.265–80.Google Scholar
Strauch, Gabriele. 1990. Methodologies and ideologies: The historical relationship of German studies to Yiddish. Studies in Yiddish linguistics, ed. by Wexler, Paul, 83–100Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Szajkowski, Zosa. 1964. The struggle for Yiddish during World War I: The attitude of German Jewry. Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 9.131–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. and Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toury, Jacob. 1983. Die jüdische Presse im österreichischen Kaiserreich, 1802–1918. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).Google Scholar
Vilenkin, Leyzer. 1931. Yidisher shprakhatles fun sovetn-farband. Minsk: Vaysrusishe visnshaft-akademye—Yidisher sektor.Google Scholar
Weinberg, Werner. 1969. Die Reste des Jüdischdeutschen. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.Google Scholar
Weinberg, Werner. 1984. A word list for teaching eighteenth-century Jews some fine points of High German. Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 29.277–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinreich, Max. 1923. Dos kurlender yidish. Chapter 4 in Shtaplen: fir etyudn tsu der yidisher shprakh-visnshaft un literatur-geshikhte, 193–240. Berlin: Wostok.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Max. 1928. Di yidishe shprakh-forshung in 17-n yorhundert. Tsaytshrift 2–3.689–732.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Max. 1938. Daytshmerish toyg nit. Yidish far ale 1. 97–106.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Max. 1958. Roshe-prokim vegn mayrevdikn yidish. Yofe-bukh, Yuda A., ed. by Mark, Yudel, 158–94. New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Max. 1967. The reality of Jewishness vs. the ghetto myth: The sociolinguistic roots of Yiddish. To honor Roman Jakobson: Essays on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, 11 October 1966, 3.2199–2211. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Max. 1980. History of the Yiddish language. Translated by Noble, Shlomo, with the assistance of Joshua A. Fishman. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. [Partial translation of his Geshikhte fun der yidisher shprakh: Bagrifn, faktn, metodn. 1973. New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.]Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel. 1952. Sábesdiker losn in Yiddish: A problem of linguistic affinity. Word 8. 360–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel. 1958. Yiddish and colonial German in Eastern Europe: The differential impact of Slavic. American Contributions to the Fourth International Congress of Slavicists, 369–421. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Wexler, Paul. 1981a. Jewish interlinguistics: Facts and conceptual framework. Language 57.99–149.Google Scholar
Wexler, Paul. 1981b. Ashkenazic German. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 30.19–30.Google Scholar
Wexler, Paul. 1988. Three heirs to a Judeo-Latin legacy: Judeo-Ibero-Romance, Yiddish and Rotwelsch. Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz.Google Scholar
Wiesinger, Peter, ed 1988. Das Österreichische Deutsch. (Schriften zur deutschen Sprache in Österreich, 12.) Vienna: Böhlau.Google Scholar
Wiesinger, Peter 1989. The Central and Southern Bavarian dialects. The dialects of modern German: A linguistic survey, ed. by Russ, Charles V. J., 438–519. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth and Dressler, Wolfgang U.. 1978. Phonological variation in colloquial Viennese. Michigan Germanic Studies 4.30–66.Google Scholar