Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T16:07:41.852Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Spontaneous layering in stratified turbulent Taylor–Couette flow

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 March 2013

R. L. F. Oglethorpe*
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK
C. P. Caulfield
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK
Andrew W. Woods
Affiliation:
BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, UK
*
Email address for correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract

We conduct a series of laboratory experiments to study the mixing of an initially linear stratification in turbulent Taylor–Couette flow. We vary the inner radius, ${R}_{1} $, and rotation rate, $\Omega $, relative to the fixed outer cylinder, of radius ${R}_{2} $, as well as the initial buoyancy frequency ${N}_{0} = \sqrt{(- g/ \rho )\partial \rho / \partial z} $. We find that a linear stratification spontaneously splits into a series of layers and interfaces. The characteristic height of these layers is proportional to ${U}_{H} / {N}_{0} $, where ${U}_{H} = \sqrt{{R}_{1} { \mathrm{\Delta} }_{R} } \Omega $ is a horizontal velocity scale, with ${ \mathrm{\Delta} }_{R} = {R}_{2} - {R}_{1} $ the gap width of the annulus. The buoyancy flux through these layers matches the equivalent flux through a two-layer stratification, independently of the height or number of layers. For a strongly stratified flow, the flux tends to an asymptotic constant value, even when multiple layers are present, consistent with Woods et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 663, 2010, pp. 347–357). For smaller stratification the flux increases, reaching a maximum just before the layers disappear due to overturning of the interfaces.

Type
Rapids
Copyright
©2013 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Balmforth, N. J., Llewellyn Smith, S. G. & Young, W. R. 1998 Dynamics of interfaces and layers in a stratified turbulent fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 355, 329358.Google Scholar
Basak, S. & Sarkar, S. 2006 Dynamics of a stratified shear layer with horizontal shear. J. Fluid Mech. 568, 1954.Google Scholar
Boubnov, B. M., Gledzer, E. B. & Hopfinger, E. J. 1995 Stratified circular Couette flow: instability and flow regimes. J. Fluid Mech. 292, 333358.Google Scholar
Brethouwer, G., Billant, P., Lindborg, E. & Chomaz, J.-M. 2007 Scaling analysis and simulation of strongly stratified turbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech. 585, 343368.Google Scholar
Crapper, P. F. & Linden, P. F. 1974 The structure of turbulent density interfaces. J. Fluid Mech. 65, 4563.Google Scholar
Ferrari, R. & Wunsch, C. 2009 Ocean circulation kinetic energy: reservoirs, sources and sinks. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 41, 253282.Google Scholar
Guyez, E., Flor, J.-B. & Hopfinger, E. J. 2007 Turbulent mixing at a stable density interface: the variation of the buoyancy flux-gradient relation. J. Fluid Mech. 577, 127136.Google Scholar
Holford, J. M. & Linden, P. F. 1999 Turbulent mixing in a stratified fluid. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 30, 173198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivey, G. N., Winters, K. B. & Koseff, J. R. 2008 Density stratification, turbulence, but how much mixing. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 40, 169184.Google Scholar
Kato, H. & Phillips, O. M. 1969 On the penetration of a turbulent layer into stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 37, 643655.Google Scholar
Koschmeider, E. L. 1979 Turbulent Taylor vortex flow. J. Fluid Mech. 93, 515527.Google Scholar
Linden, P. F. 1979 Mixing in stratified fluids. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 13, 323.Google Scholar
Osborn, T. R. 1980 Estimates of the local rate of vertical diffusion from dissipation measurements. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10, 8389.Google Scholar
Oster, G. 1965 Density gradients. Sci. Am. 213, 7076.Google Scholar
Park, Y.-G., Whitehead, J. A. & Gnanadeskian, A. 1994 Turbulent mixing in stratified fluids: layer formation and energetics. J. Fluid Mech. 279, 279311.Google Scholar
Phillips, O. M. 1972 Turbulence in a strongly stratified fluid - is it unstable? Deep-Sea Res. 19, 7981.Google Scholar
Posmentier, E. S. 1977 The generation of salinity fine structure by vertical diffusion. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7, 298300.Google Scholar
Roberts, P. H. 1965 Appendix: The solution of the characteristic value problems. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 283, 550555.Google Scholar
Ruddick, B. R., McDougall, T. J. & Turner, J. S. 1989 The formation of layers in a uniformly stirred density gradient. Deep-Sea Res. 36, 597609.Google Scholar
Shravat, A., Cenedese, C. & Caulfield, C. P. 2012 Entrainment and mixing dynamics of surface-stress-driven stratified flow in a cylinder. J. Fluid Mech. 691, 498517.Google Scholar
Strang, E. J. & Fernando, H. J. S. 2001 Entrainment and mixing in stratified shear flows. J. Fluid Mech. 428, 349386.Google Scholar
Turner, J. S. 1968 The influence of molecular diffusivity on turbulent entrainment across a density interface. J. Fluid Mech. 33, 639656.Google Scholar
Wells, M., Cenedese, C. & Caulfield, C. P. 2010 The relationship between flux coefficient and entrainment ratio in density currents. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 27132727.Google Scholar
Woods, A. W., Caulfield, C. P., Landel, J. R. & Kuesters, A 2010 Non-invasive turbulent mixing across a density interface in a turbulent Taylor–Couette flow. J. Fluid Mech. 663, 347357.Google Scholar
Zellouf, Y., Dupont, P. & Peerhossaini, H. 2005 Heat and mass fluxes across density interfaces in a grid-generated turbulence. Intl J. Heat Mass Transfer 48, 37223735.Google Scholar