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Prolate spheroids settling in a quiescent fluid: clustering, microstructures and collisions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2024

Xinyu Jiang Open the ORCID record for Xinyu Jiang [Opens in a new window] ,
Chunxiao Xu Open the ORCID record for Chunxiao Xu [Opens in a new window]  and
Lihao Zhao Open the ORCID record for Lihao Zhao [Opens in a new window]
Xinyu Jiang
Affiliation:
AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
Chunxiao Xu
Affiliation:
AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
Lihao Zhao*
Affiliation:
AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

In this study we investigate the sedimentation of prolate spheroids in a quiescent fluid by means of the particle-resolved direct numerical simulation. With the increase of the particle volume fraction $\phi$ from $0.1\,\%$ to $10\,\%$, we observe a non-monotonic variation of the mean settling velocity of particles, $\langle V_s \rangle$. By virtue of the Voronoi analysis, we find that the degree of particle clustering is highest when $\langle V_s \rangle$ reaches the local maximum at $\phi =1\,\%$. Under the swarm effect, clustered particles are found to preferentially sample downward fluid flows in the wake regions, leading to the enhancement of the settling speed. As for lower or higher volume fractions, the tendency of particle clustering and the preferential sampling of downward flows are attenuated. The hindrance effect becomes predominant when the volume fraction exceeds 5 % and reduces $\langle V_s \rangle$ to less than the isolated settling velocity. Particle orientation plays a minor role in the mean settling velocity, although individual prolate particles still tend to settle faster in suspensions when they deviate more from the broad-side-on alignment. Moreover, we also demonstrate that particles are prone to form column-like microstructures in dilute suspensions under the effect of wake-induced hydrodynamic attractions. The radial distribution function is higher at a lower volume fraction. As a result, the collision rate scaled by the particle number density decreases with the increasing volume fraction. By contrast, as another contribution to the particle collision rate, the relative radial velocity for nearby particles shows a minor degree of variation due to the lubrication effect.

JFM classification

Multiphase and Particle-laden Flows: Particle/fluid flow
Type
JFM Papers
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Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 1000 , 10 December 2024 , A49
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© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press.

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