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Probing electrically driven nanojets by energy and mass analysis in vacuo

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 November 2021

Luis Javier Perez-Lorenzo Open the ORCID record for Luis Javier Perez-Lorenzo [Opens in a new window]  and
Juan Fernandez de la Mora Open the ORCID record for Juan Fernandez de la Mora [Opens in a new window]
Luis Javier Perez-Lorenzo
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
Juan Fernandez de la Mora*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
*
† Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

Time of flight (TOF) and energy analysis in vacuum are used in series to determine jet velocity Uj, diameter dj, electrical potential Vj and energy dissipated ΔV at the breakup point of electrified nanojets of the ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (EMI-FAP) (Ignat'ev et al., J. Fluorine Chem., vol. 126, issue 8, 2008, pp.1150–1159). The full spray is periodically gated by a grid held at a high voltage Vg, and received at a collector where the measured flight times provide the distribution of drop speeds u. Varying Vg provides the bivariate distribution of drop energies ξ and velocities. The collector plate, centred with the beam axis, is divided into eight concentric rings, yielding the angular distribution of the spray current, and high resolution (u,ξ) values in the whole spray. The energies of various particles of given u are all well defined, but depend uniquely on u, even though u and ξ are in principle independent experimental variables. Slow and fast particles have energies respectively well above and below the capillary voltage Ve (1.64 kV). As previously shown by Gamero-Castaño & Hruby (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 459, 2002, pp. 245–276), this behaviour is due to the 2-stage acceleration process, first jointly in the jet for all particles, and then separately for free flying drops or ions of different mass/charge. The measured two-dimensional distributions of u and ξ provide the jet velocity Uj (~0.44 km s−1) and electrical potential Vj (1.2 kV) at the breakup point. All molecular ions originate near the breakup point rather than the meniscus neck. A measurable fraction of anomalously fast drops is observed that must come from Coulomb fissions of the main drops.

JFM classification

Drops and Bubbles: Aerosols/atomization Drops and Bubbles: Electrohydrodynamic effects
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 931 , 25 January 2022 , A4
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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