Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 October 2020
Consider the propagation of a gravity current (GC) released from a lock of length $x_0$ and height
$h_0$ into an ambient fluid of height
$H h_0$ and density
$\rho _{o}$. The lock contains a layer of thickness
$H_L h_0$ of density
$\rho _L$ overlaid by a layer of thickness
$(1-H_L)h_0$ and density
$\rho _U$, where
$\rho _{o} < \rho _U < \rho _L$ and
$H_L \in (0, 1)$. Assume Boussinesq and large Reynolds-number flow. The internal stratification parameter is
$\sigma = (\rho _L - \rho _U)/(\rho _L - \rho _{o})$, in the range
$(0,1)$; the classical GC is
$\sigma =0$. Such GCs were investigated experimentally (Gladstone et al., Sedimentology, vol. 51, 2004, pp. 767–789; Dai, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 2, 2017, 073802; Wu & Dai, J. Hydraul. Res., 2019, pp. 1–14.); we present a new self-contained model for the prediction of the thickness
$h$ and depth-averaged velocity
$u$ as functions of distance
$x$ and time
$t$; the position and speed of the nose
$x_N(t)$ and
$u_N(t)$ follow. We derive a compact scaling upon which, for a given
$H$ (height ratio of ambient to lock), the flows differ in only one parameter:
$\varPsi = \{ [1 -\sigma (1 - H_L)]/[1 - \sigma (1 - H_L^2)] \} ^{1/2}$. The parameter
$\varPsi$ equals
$1$ for the classical GC and is larger in the presence of stratification; a larger
$\varPsi$ means a faster and a thinner GC. The solution reveals an initial slumping phase with constant
$u_N$, a self-similar phase
$x_N \sim t^{2/3}$, and the transition at
$x_V$ to the viscous regime. Comparisons with published experiments show good data collapse with the present scaling
$\varPsi$, and fair-to-good quantitative agreement (the discrepancy and the stability conditions are discussed).