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Gravity currents: a personal perspective
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 April 2006
Abstract
Gravity currents, driven by horizontal differences in buoyancy, play a central role in fluid mechanics, with numerous important natural and industrial applications. The first quantitative, fluid-mechanical study of gravity currents, by von Kármán in 1940, was carried out before the birth of this Journal; the next important theoretical contribution was in 1968 by Brooke Benjamin, and appeared in this Journal more than a decade after its birth. The present paper reviews some of the material that has built on this auspicious start. Part of the fun and satisfaction of being involved in this field is that its development has been based on both theoretical and experimental contributions, which have at times been motivated and supported by field observations and measurements.
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- © 2006 Cambridge University Press
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 1. A red-dyed volume of glycerine runs down a smooth Perspex plane at 8˚ to the horizontal. For fun, a map of the UK has been placed under the Perspex, and some model buildings located at Cambridge, Oxford, Bristol and London. The current, initially uniform across the slope, at first spreads independently of the cross-stream direction (except near the sides) in accordance with (2.7). After some time the flow front becomes unstable with a wavelength given by (2.8).
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 1. A red-dyed volume of glycerine runs down a smooth Perspex plane at 8˚ to the horizontal. For fun, a map of the UK has been placed under the Perspex, and some model buildings located at Cambridge, Oxford, Bristol and London. The current, initially uniform across the slope, at first spreads independently of the cross-stream direction (except near the sides) in accordance with (2.7). After some time the flow front becomes unstable with a wavelength given by (2.8).
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. a) A heavy compositional current with a density excess of 0.1g cm-3 due to dissolved salt.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. a) A heavy compositional current with a density excess of 0.1g cm-3 due to dissolved salt.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. b) A light compositional current with a negative density deficit of 0.1g cm-3.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. b) A light compositional current with a negative density deficit of 0.1g cm-3.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. c) A heavy particle-laden current with an initial density excess of 0.1g cm-3 due to 23 micron silicon carbide grinding powder.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. c) A heavy particle-laden current with an initial density excess of 0.1g cm-3 due to 23 micron silicon carbide grinding powder.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. d) A particle-laden current with sufficient interstitial alcohol to make the initial bulk density less than the ambient.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. d) A particle-laden current with sufficient interstitial alcohol to make the initial bulk density less than the ambient.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. e) A particle-laden current with interstitial alcohol with the bulk density initially in excess of the ambient.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 2. High Reynolds number gravity currents released into water in a channel 15cm wide, 8cm high and 100cm long, from behind a lock of length 5cm. In sequences a) to e), the lower view is an elevation and the upper view is a plan as seen in a mirror above the tank at 45˚ to the horizontal. e) A particle-laden current with interstitial alcohol with the bulk density initially in excess of the ambient.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 3. High Reynolds number gravity current released into a linearly stratified fluid in a channel 26cm wide, 20cm high and 250cm long, from behind a lock of length 20cm. The blue-dyed saline current has a density of 1.10 g cm-3, and the ambient density varies linearly from 1.10 g cm-3 at the base to 1.00 g cm-3 at the free surface. The ambient fluid has three green-dyed marker horizons to visualize the internal wave propagation.
Huppert supplementary movie
Movie 3. High Reynolds number gravity current released into a linearly stratified fluid in a channel 26cm wide, 20cm high and 250cm long, from behind a lock of length 20cm. The blue-dyed saline current has a density of 1.10 g cm-3, and the ambient density varies linearly from 1.10 g cm-3 at the base to 1.00 g cm-3 at the free surface. The ambient fluid has three green-dyed marker horizons to visualize the internal wave propagation.
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