Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T11:28:41.191Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Extreme wall shear stress events in turbulent pipe flows: spatial characteristics of coherent motions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 October 2020

Byron Guerrero
Affiliation:
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
Martin F. Lambert
Affiliation:
School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
Rey C. Chin*
Affiliation:
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia5005, Australia
*
Email address for correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract

This work presents a detailed analysis of the flow structures relevant to extreme wall shear stress events for turbulent pipe flow direct numerical simulation data at a friction Reynolds number $\textit {Re}_{\tau} \approx 1000$. The results reveal that extreme positive wall-friction events are located below an intense sweep (Q4) event originated from a strong quasi-streamwise vortex at the buffer region. This vortex transports high streamwise momentum from the overlap and the outer layers towards the wall, giving rise to a high-speed streak within the inner region. This vortical structure also relates to regions with extreme wall-normal velocity. Consequently, the conditional fields of turbulence production and viscous dissipation exhibit peaks whose magnitudes are approximately 25 times higher than the ensemble mean quantities in the vicinity of the extreme positive events. An analysis of the turbulent inertia force reveals that the energetic quasi-streamwise vortex acts as an essential source of momentum at the near-wall region. Similarly, extremely rare backflow events are studied. An examination of the wall-normal vorticity and velocity vector fields shows an identifiable oblique vortical structure along with two other large-scale roll modes. These counter-rotating motions contribute to the formation of backflow events by transporting streamwise momentum from the inner to the outer region, creating a large-scale meandering low-speed streak. It is found that extreme events are clustered below large-scale structures of positive streamwise momentum that interact with near-wall low-speed streaks, related to regions densely populated with vortical structures. Finally, a three-dimensional model is proposed to conceptualise the flow dynamics associated with extreme events.

Type
JFM Papers
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abe, H., Kawamura, H. & Choi, H. 2004 Very large-scale structures and their effects on the wall shear-stress fluctuations in a turbulent channel flow up to $Re_\tau =640$. J. Fluids Engng 126, 835843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adrian, R. J. 2007 Hairpin vortex organization in wall turbulence. Phys. Fluids 19, 041301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adrian, R., Meinhart, C. & Tomkins, C. 2000 Vortex organization in the outer region of the turbulent boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 422, 154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, H. M. & Sherwin, S. J. 2004 Formulation of a Galerkin spectral element–Fourier method for three-dimensional incompressible flows in cylindrical geometries. J. Comput. Phys. 197 (2), 759778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blonigan, P. J., Farazmand, M. & Sapsis, T. P. 2019 Are extreme dissipation events predictable in turbulent fluid flows? Phys. Rev. Fluids 4, 044606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bross, M., Fuchs, T. & Kähler, C. 2019 Interaction of coherent flow structures in adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 873, 287321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brücker, Ch. 2015 Evidence of rare backflow and skin-friction critical points in near-wall turbulence using micropillar imaging. Phys. Fluids 27, 031705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, S., Nikora, V. & Witz, M. 2020 Entrainment of sediment particles by very large-scale motions. J. Fluid Mech. 888, A7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardesa, J. I., Monty, J. P., Soria, J. & Chong, M. S. 2014 Skin-friction critical points in wall-bounded flows. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 506, 012009.Google Scholar
Cardesa, J. I., Monty, J. P., Soria, J. & Chong, M. S. 2019 The structure and dynamics of backflow in turbulent channels. J. Fluid Mech. 880, R3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chin, C. 2011 Numerical study of internal wall-bounded turbulent flows. PhD thesis, The University of Melbourne.Google Scholar
Chin, R. C., Monty, J. P., Chong, M. S. & Marusic, I. 2018 b Conditionally averaged flow topology about a critical point pair in the skin friction field of pipe flows using direct numerical simulations. Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 114607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chin, C., Monty, J. P. & Ooi, A. 2014 a Reynolds number effects in DNS of pipe flow and comparison with channels and boundary layers. Intl. J. Heat Fluid Flow 45, 3340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chin, C., Ooi, A. S. H., Marusic, I. & Blackburn, H. M. 2010 The influence of pipe length on turbulence statistics computed from direct numerical simulation data. Phys. Fluids 22, 115107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chin, C., Philip, J., Klewicki, J., Ooi, A. & Marusic, I. 2014 b Reynolds-number-dependent turbulent inertia and onset of log region in turbulent pipe flows. J. Fluid Mech. 757, 747769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chin, C., Vinuesa, R., Örlü, R., Cardesa, J. I., Noorani, A., Schlatter, P. & Chong, M. S. 2018 a Flow topology of rare back flow events and critical points in turbulent channels and toroidal pipes. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1001, 012002.Google Scholar
Diaz-Daniel, C., Laizet, S. & Vassilicos, J. C. 2017 Wall shear stress fluctuations: mixed scaling and their effects on velocity fluctuations in a turbulent boundary layer. Phys. Fluids 29, 055102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckelmann, H. 1974 The structure of the viscous sublayer and the adjacent wall region in a turbulent channel flow. J. Fluid Mech. 65, 439459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggels, J. G. M., Unger, F., Weiss, M. H., Westerweel, J., Adrian, R. J., Friederich, R. & Niewstadt, F. T. M. 1994 Fully developed turbulent pipe flow: a comparison between direct numerical simulation and experiment. J. Fluid Mech. 268, 175209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Khoury, G., Schlatter, P., Brethouwer, G. & Johansson, A. 2014 Turbulent pipe flow: statistics, Re-dependence, structures and similarities with channel and boundary layer flows. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 506, 012010.Google Scholar
Farazmand, M. & Sapsis, T. P. 2017 A variational approach to probing exteme events in turbulent dynamical systems. Sci. Adv. 3, e1701533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, P., Kruse, G. & Loth, F. 2002 Spectral element methods for transitional flows in complex geometries. J. Sci. Comput. 17, 8198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fong, K., Amili, O. & Coletti, F. 2019 Velocity and spatial distribution of inertial particles in a turbulent channel flow. J. Fluid Mech. 872, 367406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomit, G., De Kat, R. & Ganapathisubramani, B. 2018 Structure of high and low-shear stress events in a turbulent boundary layer. Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 014609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamman, C., Klewicki, J. & Kirbi, R. 2008 On the Lamb vector divergence in Navier–Stokes flows. J. Fluid Mech. 610, 261284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, Z. W., Morfey, C. L. & Sandham, N. D. 2006 Wall pressure and shear stress spectra from direct numerical simulations of channel flow up to $Re_\tau$ = 1440. AIAA J. 44 (7), 15411549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hultmark, M., Vallikivi, M., Bailey, S. C. C. & Smits, A. J. 2012 Turbulent pipe flow at extreme Reynolds numbers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (9), 094501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchins, N. & Marusic, I. 2007 a Evidence of very long meandering features in the logarithmic region of turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 579, 128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchins, N. & Marusic, I. 2007 b Large-scale influences in near-wall turbulence. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 365, 647664.Google ScholarPubMed
Hutchins, N., Monty, J. P., Ganapathisubramani, B., Ng, H. C. H. & Marusic, I. 2011 Three-dimensional conditional structure of a high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 673, 255285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jalalabadi, R. & Sung, H. 2018 Influence of backflow on skin friction in turbulent pipe flow. Phys. Fluids 30, 065104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez, J. 2018 Coherent structures in wall-bounded turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 842, P1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez, J. & Moser, R. D. 2007 What are we learning from simulating wall turbulence? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 365, 715732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiménez, J. & Pinelli, A. 1999 The autonomous cycle of near-wall turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 389, 335359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keshavarzy, A. & Ball, J. 1999 An application of image processing in the study of sediment motion. J. Hydraul. Res. 37, 559576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, K. & Adrian, R. 1999 Very large-scale motion in the outer layer. Phys. Fluids 11, 417422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J., Moin, P. & Moser, R. 1987 Turbulence statistics in fully developed channel flow at low Reynolds number. J. Fluid Mech. 177, 133166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klewicki, J. C. 1989 Velocity–vorticity correlations related to the gradients of the Reynolds stresses in parallel turbulent wall flows. Phys. Fluids A 1, 12851288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kravchenko, A., Choi, H. & Moin, P. 1993 On the relation of near-wall streamwise vortices to wall skin friction in turbulent boundary layers. Phys. Fluids 5, 33073309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lelouvetel, J., Bigillon, F., Doppler, D., Vinkovic, I. & Champagne, J. 2009 Experimental investigation of ejections and sweeps involved in particle suspension. Water Resour. Res. 45, W02416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenaers, P., Li, Q., Brethouwer, G., Schlatter, P. & Örlü, R. 2012 Rare backflow and extreme wall-normal velocity fluctuations in near-wall turbulence. Phys. Fluids 24, 035110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majumdar, S. & Schehr, G. 2017 Large deviations. arXiv: 1711.07571.Google Scholar
Marusic, I. & Heuer, W. 2007 Reynolds number invariance of the structure inclination angle in wall-turbulence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 114504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marusic, I., Mathis, R. & Hutchins, N. 2010 Predictive model for wall-bounded turbulent flow. Science 329, 193196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masahito, A., Yasufumi, K., Yuki, O. & Michio, N. 2007 Growth and breakdown of low-speed streaks leading to wall turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 586, 371396.Google Scholar
Meinhart, C. & Adrian, R. 1995 On the existence of uniform momentum zones in a turbulent boundary layer. Phys. Fluids 7, 694696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, J. M., Shreve, R. L., McLean, S. R. & Drake, T. G. 1995 Role of near-bed turbulence structure in bed load transport and bed form mechanics. Water Resour. Res. 31, 20712086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offermans, N., Marin, O., Schanen, M., Gong, J., Fischer, P. & Schlatter, P. 2016 On the strong scaling of the spectral element solver Nek5000 on petascale systems. In Proceedings of the EASC 2016, EASC, vol. 1, pp. 1–10. Association for Computing Machinery.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Örlü, R. & Schlatter, P. 2011 On the fluctuating wall-shear stress in zero pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer flows. Phys. Fluids 23, 021704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, C. & Kwon, Y. 2018 Extremely high wall-shear stress events in a turbulent boundary layer. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1001, 012004.Google Scholar
Robinson, S. K. 1991 Coherent motions in the turbulent boundary layer. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 23, 601639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlatter, P. & Örlü, R. 2010 Assessment of direct numerical simulation data of turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 659, 116126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoppa, W. & Hussain, F. 2002 Coherent structure generation in near-wall turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 453, 57106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheng, J., Malkiel, E. & Katz, J. 2009 Buffer layer structures associated with extreme wall stress events in a smooth wall turbulent boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 633, 1760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Silva, C., Hutchins, N. & Marusic, I. 2016 Uniform momentum zones in turbulent boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech. 786, 309331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smits, A. J. & Marusic, I. 2013 Wall-bounded turbulence. Phys. Today 66, 2530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smits, A. J., McKeon, B. J. & Marusic, I. 2011 High–Reynolds number wall turbulence. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 43, 353375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Touchette, H. 2009 The large deviation approach to statistical mechanics. Phys. Rep. 478 (9), 169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willert, C. E., Cuvier, C., Foucaut, J. M., Klinner, J., Stanislas, M., Laval, J. P., Srinath, S., Soria, J., Amili, O., Atkinson, C., et al. 2018 Experimental evidence of near-wall reverse flow events in zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 91, 320328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, X., Cruickshank, M. & Ghaemi, S. 2020 Negative skin friction during transition in a zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate boundary layer and in pipe flows with slip and no-slip boundary conditions. J. Fluid Mech. 887, 135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, C., Zhang, Z., den Toonder, J. M. J. & Nieuwstadt, F. T. M. 1996 Origin of high kurtosis levels in the viscous sublayer. Direct numerical simulation and experiment. Phys. Fluids 8, 19381944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaripov, D., Li, R. & Saushin, I. 2020 Extreme events of turbulent kinetic energy production and dissipation in turbulent channel flow: particle image velocimetry measurements. J. Turbul. 21, 3951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar