Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T04:49:01.977Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Contributions of very large-scale motions to turbulence statistics in open channel flows

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2020

Yanchong Duan Open the ORCID record for Yanchong Duan [Opens in a new window] ,
Qigang Chen Open the ORCID record for Qigang Chen [Opens in a new window] ,
Danxun Li  and
Qiang Zhong Open the ORCID record for Qiang Zhong [Opens in a new window]
Yanchong Duan
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
Qigang Chen
Affiliation:
School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
Danxun Li
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
Qiang Zhong*
Affiliation:
College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China Beijing Engineering Research Center of Safety and Energy Saving Technology for Water Supply Network System, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Time-resolved particle image velocimetry measurements were performed in smooth-walled open channels to investigate the contributions of very large-scale motions (VLSMs) to the turbulence characteristics in open channel flows. The focal point is to clarify the free surface effects on the characteristics of VLSMs and the contributions of VLSMs to the unique statistical features in open channel flows (i.e., the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) redistribution and smaller wake strength of the mean velocity profile). The resulting wavelength of VLSMs in present smooth-walled open channels is approximately $20h$ ($h$ is water depth), which is comparable to that in pipe and closed channels while smaller than that in rough-walled open channels, and they are shown to make a great contribution to turbulence statistics with over 50 % of streamwise turbulence intensity, Reynolds shear stress and negative net force coming from VLSMs in the outer layer. Compared with other wall-bounded flows, VLSMs maintain higher strength in the outer layer of open channel flows with non-negligible strength even in the near surface region ($y\sim >0.8h$), indicating that the free surface seems to sustain/promote VLSMs. This strength difference of VLSMs closely relates to the TKE redistribution and smaller wake strength of the mean velocity in the outer layer of open channel flows. The higher streamwise turbulence intensity is mainly contributed from the higher strength of VLSMs therein. The decelerating role of VLSMs combining with their higher strength is vital for shaping the mean velocity profile, which therefore is speculated to make a great contribution to the smaller wake strength phenomenon.

JFM classification

Waves/Free-surface Flows: Channel flow Turbulent Flows: Turbulent boundary layers Geophysical and Geological Flows: River dynamics
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 892 , 10 June 2020 , A3
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adrian, R. J. 2007 Hairpin vortex organization in wall turbulence. Phys. Fluids 19 (4), 041301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adrian, R. J. & Marusic, I. 2012 Coherent structures in flow over hydraulic engineering surfaces. J. Hydraul Res. 50 (5), 451–464.Google Scholar
Adrian, R. J. & Westerweel, J. 2011 Particle Image Velocimetry. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baars, W. J., Hutchins, N. & Marusic, I. 2016 Spectral stochastic estimation of high-Reynolds-number wall-bounded turbulence for a refined inner-outer interaction model. Phys. Rev. Fluids 1 (5), 054406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S. C. C. & Smits, A. J. 2010 Experimental investigation of the structure of large- and very-large-scale motions in turbulent pipe flow. J. Fluid Mech. 651, 339–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balakumar, B. J. & Adrian, R. J. 2007 Large- and very-large-scale motions in channel and boundary-layer flows. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 365 (1852), 665–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baltzer, J. R., Adrian, R. J. & Wu, X. H. 2013 Structural organization of large and very large scales in turbulent pipe flow simulation. J. Fluid Mech. 720, 236–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buxton, O. R. H., de Kat, R. & Ganapathisubramani, B. 2013 The convection of large and intermediate scale fluctuations in a turbulent mixing layer. Phys. Fluids 25 (12), 125105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, S. M., Nikora, V. I. & Marusic, I. 2019 Drag forces on a bed particle in open-channel flow: effects of pressure spatial fluctuations and very-large-scale motions. J. Fluid Mech. 863, 494–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, S. M., Nikora, V. I. & Stewart, M. T. 2017 Very-large-scale motions in rough-bed open-channel flow. J. Fluid Mech. 814, 416–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Q. G., Adrian, R. J., Zhong, Q., Li, D. X. & Wang, X. K. 2014 Experimental study on the role of spanwise vorticity and vortex filaments in the outer region of open-channel flow. J. Hydraul Res. 52 (4), 476–489.Google Scholar
Franca, M. J. & Lemmin, U. 2015 Detection and reconstruction of large-scale coherent flow structures in gravel-bed rivers. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 40 (1), 93–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grass, A. J. 1971 Structural features of turbulent flow over smooth and rough boundaries. J. Fluid Mech. 50 (2), 233–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guala, M., Hommema, S. E. & Adrian, R. J. 2006 Large-scale and very-large-scale motions in turbulent pipe flow. J. Fluid Mech. 554, 521–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gulliver, J. S. & Halverson, M. J. 1987 Measurements of large streamwise vortices in an open channel flow. Water Resour. Res. 23 (1), 115–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handler, R. A., Swean, T. F., Leighton, R. I. & Swearingen, J. D. 1993 Length scales and the energy balance for turbulence near a free-surface. AIAA J. 31 (11), 1998–2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellström, L. H. O., Sinha, A. & Smits, A. J. 2011 Visualizing the very-large-scale motions in turbulent pipe flow. Phys. Fluids 23 (1), 011703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyas, S. & Jiménez, J. 2008 Reynolds number effects on the Reynolds-stress budgets in turbulent channels. Phys. Fluids 20 (10), 101511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchins, N. & Marusic, I. 2007 Large-scale influences in near-wall turbulence. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 365, 647–664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imamoto, H. & Ishigaki, T. 1986 Visualization of longitudinal eddies in an open channel flow. In Flow Visualization IV: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Flow Visualization, pp. 333–337. Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Jackson, R. G. 1976 Sedimentological and fluid-dynamic implications of the turbulent bursting phenomenon in geophysical flows. J. Fluid Mech. 77 (3), 531–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez, J. 2018 Coherent structures in wall-bounded turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 842, P1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kähler, C. J., Astarita, T., Vlachos, P. P., Sakakibara, J., Hain, R., Discetti, S., La Foy, R. & Cierpka, C. 2016 Main results of the 4th International PIV Challenge. Exp. Fluids 57 (6), 1–71.Google Scholar
Kim, K. C. & Adrian, R. J. 1999 Very large-scale motion in the outer layer. Phys. Fluids 11 (2), 417–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkgöz, M. S. & Ardiçlioğlu, M. 1997 Velocity profiles of developing and developed open channel flow. J. Hydraul. Engng 123 (12), 1099–1105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komori, S., Nagaosa, R., Murakami, Y., Chiba, S., Ishii, K. & Kuwaharaa, K. 1993 Direct numerical simulation of three-dimensional open-channel flow with zero-shear gas-liquid interface. Phys. Fluids 5 (1), 115–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J., Ahn, J. & Sung, H. J. 2015 Comparison of large- and very-large-scale motions in turbulent pipe and channel flows. Phys. Fluids 27 (2), 025101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J., Lee, J. H., Choi, J. & Sung, H. J. 2014 Spatial organization of large- and very-large-scale motions in a turbulent channel flow. J. Fluid Mech. 749, 818–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J., Suh, J., Sung, H. J. & Pettersen, B. 2012 Structures of turbulent open-channel flow in the presence of an air–water interface. J. Turbul. 13 (18), N18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. H. & Sung, H. J. 2013 Comparison of very-large-scale motions of turbulent pipe and boundary layer simulations. Phys. Fluids 25 (4), 045103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lien, K., Monty, J. P., Chong, M. S. & Ooi, A. 2004 The entrance length for fully developed turbulent channel flow. In 15th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference. University of Sydney.Google Scholar
Monty, J. P., Hutchins, N., Ng, H. C. H., Marusic, I. & Chong, M. S. 2009 A comparison of turbulent pipe, channel and boundary layer flows. J. Fluid Mech. 632, 431–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagaosa, R. 1999 Direct numerical simulation of vortex structures and turbulent scalar transfer across a free surface in a fully developed turbulence. Phys. Fluids 11 (6), 1581–1595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakagawa, H. & Nezu, I. 1977 Prediction of the contributions to the Reynolds stress from bursting events in open-channel flows. J. Fluid Mech. 80 (1), 99–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakagawa, H. & Nezu, I. 1981 Structure of space–time correlations of bursting phenomena in an open-channel flow. J. Fluid Mech. 104, 1–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nezu, I. & Nakagawa, H. 1993 Turbulence in Open-Channel Flows. Balkema.Google Scholar
Nezu, I. & Rodi, W. 1986 Open-channel flow measurements with a Laser Doppler Anemometer. J. Hydraul. Engng 112 (5), 335–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, H. C. H., Monty, J. P., Hutchins, N., Chong, M. S. & Marusic, I. 2011 Comparison of turbulent channel and pipe flows with varying Reynolds number. Exp. Fluids 51 (5), 1261–1281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, Y. & Banerjee, S. 1995 A numerical study of free-surface turbulence in channel flow. Phys. Fluids 7 (7), 1649–1664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panton, R. L. 2001 Overview of the self-sustaining mechanisms of wall turbulence. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 37 (4), 341–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rashidi, M. 1997 Burst-interface interactions in free surface turbulent flows. Phys. Fluids 9 (11), 3485–3501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rashidi, M. & Banerjee, S. 1988 Turbulence structure in free-surface channel flows. Phys. Fluids 31 (9), 2491–2503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, S. K. 1991 Coherent motions in the turbulent boundary layer. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 23, 601–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, A. G., Buffin-Bélanger, T., Lamarre, H. & Kirkbride, A. D. 2004 Size, shape and dynamics of large-scale turbulent flow structures in a gravel-bed river. J. Fluid Mech. 500, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarano, F. 2002 Iterative image deformation methods in PIV. Meas. Sci. Technol. 13 (1), R1–R19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoppa, W. & Hussain, F. 2002 Coherent structure generation in near-wall turbulence. J. Fluid Mech. 453, 57–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sciacchitano, A. & Wieneke, B. 2016 PIV uncertainty propagation. Meas. Sci. Technol. 27 (8), 084006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, L., Zhang, X., Yue, D. K. P. & Triantafyllou, G. S. 1999 The surface layer for free-surface turbulent flows. J. Fluid Mech. 386, 167–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shvidchenko, A. B. & Pender, G. 2001 Macroturbulent structure of open-channel flow over gravel beds. Water Resour. Res. 37 (3), 709–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukhodolov, A. N., Nikora, V. I. & Katolikov, V. M. 2011 Flow dynamics in alluvial channels: the legacy of Kirill V. Grishanin. J. Hydraul Res. 49 (3), 285–292.Google Scholar
Tamburrino, A. & Gulliver, J. S. 1999 Large flow structures in a turbulent open channel flow. J. Hydraul Res. 37 (3), 363–380.Google Scholar
Tamburrino, A. & Gulliver, J. S. 2007 Free-surface visualization of streamwise vortices in a channel flow. Water Resour. Res. 43, W11410.Google Scholar
Taylor, G. I. 1938 The spectrum of turbulence. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 164, 476–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G. & Richter, D. H. 2019 Two mechanisms of modulation of very-large-scale motions by inertial particles in open channel flow. J. Fluid Mech. 868, 538–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G. & Zheng, X. 2016 Very large scale motions in the atmospheric surface layer: a field investigation. J. Fluid Mech. 802, 464–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westerweel, J. 1997 Fundamentals of digital particle image velocimetry. Meas. Sci. Technol. 8 (12), 1379–1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, Q., Chen, Q. G., Wang, H., Li, D. & Wang, X. K. 2016 Statistical analysis of turbulent super-streamwise vortices based on observations of streaky structures near the free surface in the smooth open channel flow. Water Resour. Res. 52 (5), 3563–3578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhong, Q., Li, D. X., Chen, Q. G. & Wang, X. K. 2015 Coherent structures and their interactions in smooth open channel flows. Environ. Fluid Mech. 15, 653–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar