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Spatiotemporal measurement of surfactant distribution on gravity–capillary waves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2015

Stephen L. Strickland ,
Michael Shearer  and
Karen E. Daniels
Stephen L. Strickland*
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Michael Shearer
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Karen E. Daniels
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

Materials adsorbed onto the surface of a fluid – for instance, crude oil, biogenic slicks or industrial/medical surfactants – will move in response to surface waves. Owing to the difficulty of non-invasive measurement of the spatial distribution of a molecular monolayer, little is known about the dynamics that couple the surface waves and the evolving density field. Here, we report measurements of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the density field of an insoluble surfactant driven by gravity–capillary waves in a shallow cylindrical container. Standing Faraday waves and travelling waves generated by the meniscus are superimposed to create a non-trivial surfactant density field. We measure both the height field of the surface using moiré imaging, and the density field of the surfactant via the fluorescence of NBD-tagged phosphatidylcholine, a lipid. Through phase averaging stroboscopically acquired images of the density field, we determine that the surfactant accumulates on the leading edge of the travelling meniscus waves and in the troughs of the standing Faraday waves. We fit the spatiotemporal variations in the two fields using an ansatz consisting of a superposition of Bessel functions, and report measurements of the wavenumbers and energy damping factors associated with the meniscus and Faraday waves, as well as the spatial and temporal phase shifts between them. While these measurements are largely consistent for both types of waves and both fields, it is notable that the damping factors for height and surfactant in the meniscus waves do not agree. This raises the possibility that there is a contribution from longitudinal waves in addition to the gravity–capillary waves.

JFM classification

Waves/Free-surface Flows: Capillary waves Waves/Free-surface Flows: Faraday waves Waves/Free-surface Flows: Waves/Free-surface Flows
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 777 , 25 August 2015 , pp. 523 - 543
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Copyright
© 2015 Cambridge University Press 

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Strickland et al. supplementary movie

The Movie1 videos show the spatiotemporal dynamics of the surface height (3-d mesh) and the surfactant density (coloration) fields for the combined Faraday and meniscus waves system. This video, collected at 80 frames per second, has been slowed by 53x. Details of this visualization method can be found in the caption to figure 6.

Download Strickland et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 7.4 MB

Strickland et al. supplementary movie

The Movie1 videos show the spatiotemporal dynamics of the surface height (3-d mesh) and the surfactant density (coloration) fields for the combined Faraday and meniscus waves system. This video, collected at 80 frames per second, has been slowed by 53x. Details of this visualization method can be found in the caption to figure 6.

Download Strickland et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 2.9 MB

Strickland et al. supplementary movie

The Movie2 videos show the spatiotemporal dynamics of the surface height (3-d mesh) and the surfactant density (coloration) fields for the meniscus wave component of the dynamics. This video, collected at 80 frames per second, has been slowed by 53x. Details of this visualization method can be found in the caption to figure 7.

Download Strickland et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 7 MB

Strickland et al. supplementary movie

The Movie2 videos show the spatiotemporal dynamics of the surface height (3-d mesh) and the surfactant density (coloration) fields for the meniscus wave component of the dynamics. This video, collected at 80 frames per second, has been slowed by 53x. Details of this visualization method can be found in the caption to figure 7.

Download Strickland et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 2.6 MB

Strickland et al. supplementary movie

The Movie3 videos show the spatiotemporal dynamics of the surface height (3-d mesh) and the surfactant density (coloration) fields for the Faraday wave component of the dynamics. This video, collected at 80 frames per second, has been slowed by 53x. Details of this visualization method can be found in the caption to figure 8.

Download Strickland et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 7.1 MB

Strickland et al. supplementary movie

The Movie3 videos show the spatiotemporal dynamics of the surface height (3-d mesh) and the surfactant density (coloration) fields for the Faraday wave component of the dynamics. This video, collected at 80 frames per second, has been slowed by 53x. Details of this visualization method can be found in the caption to figure 8.

Download Strickland et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 2.4 MB