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Reciprocal swimming at intermediate Reynolds number

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 November 2022

Nicholas J. Derr Open the ORCID record for Nicholas J. Derr [Opens in a new window] ,
Thomas Dombrowski ,
Chris H. Rycroft Open the ORCID record for Chris H. Rycroft [Opens in a new window]  and
Daphne Klotsa Open the ORCID record for Daphne Klotsa [Opens in a new window]
Nicholas J. Derr*
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Thomas Dombrowski
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
Chris H. Rycroft
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Daphne Klotsa
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

In Stokes flow, Purcell's scallop theorem forbids objects with time-reversible (reciprocal) swimming strokes from moving. In the presence of inertia, this restriction is eased and reciprocally deforming bodies can swim. A number of recent works have investigated dimer models that swim reciprocally at intermediate Reynolds numbers ${\textit Re} \approx 1$–1000. These show interesting results (e.g. switches of the swim direction as a function of inertia) but the results vary and seem to be case specific. Here, we introduce a general model and investigate the behaviour of an asymmetric spherical dimer of oscillating length for small-amplitude motion at intermediate ${\textit {Re}}$. In our analysis we make the important distinction between particle and fluid inertia, both of which need to be considered separately. We asymptotically expand the Navier–Stokes equations in the small-amplitude limit to obtain a system of linear partial differential equations. Using a combination of numerical (finite element) and analytical (reciprocal theorem, method of reflections) methods we solve the system to obtain the dimer's swim speed and show that there are two mechanisms that give rise to motion: boundary conditions (an effective slip velocity) and Reynolds stresses. Each mechanism is driven by two classes of sphere–sphere interactions, between one sphere's motion and (1) the oscillating background flow induced by the other's motion, and (2) a geometric asymmetry induced by the other's presence. We can thus unify and explain behaviours observed in other works. Our results show how sensitive, counterintuitive and rich motility is in the parameter space of finite inertia of particles and fluid.

JFM classification

Biological Fluid Dynamics: Propulsion
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 952 , 10 December 2022 , A8
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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