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The minimal seed of turbulent transition in the boundary layer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2011

S. Cherubini ,
P. De Palma ,
J.-C. Robinet  and
A. Bottaro
S. Cherubini*
Affiliation:
DIMeG, CEMeC, Politecnico di Bari, Via Re David 200, 70125 Bari, Italy
P. De Palma
Affiliation:
DIMeG, CEMeC, Politecnico di Bari, Via Re David 200, 70125 Bari, Italy
J.-C. Robinet
Affiliation:
DynFluid Laboratory, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, 151 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France
A. Bottaro
Affiliation:
DICAT, Università di Genova, Via Montallegro 1, 16145 Genova, Italy
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

This paper describes a scenario of transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a spatially developing boundary layer over a flat plate. The base flow is the Blasius non-parallel flow solution; it is perturbed by optimal disturbances yielding the largest energy growth over a short time interval. Such perturbations are computed by a nonlinear global optimization approach based on a Lagrange multiplier technique. The results show that nonlinear optimal perturbations are characterized by a localized basic building block, called the minimal seed, defined as the smallest flow structure which maximizes the energy growth over short times. It is formed by vortices inclined in the streamwise direction surrounding a region of intense streamwise disturbance velocity. Such a basic structure appears to be a robust feature of the base flow since it is practically invariant with respect to the initial energy of the perturbation, the target time, the Reynolds number and the dimensions of the computational domain. The minimal seed grows very rapidly in time while spreading, and it triggers nonlinear effects which bring the flow to turbulence in a very efficient manner, through the formation of a turbulence spot. This evolution of the initial optimal disturbance has been studied in detail by direct numerical simulations. Using a perturbative formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, each linear and nonlinear convective term of the equations has been analysed. The results show the fundamental role of the streamwise inclination of the vortices in the process. The nonlinear coupling of the finite amplitude disturbances is crucial to sustain such streamwise inclination, as well as to generate dislocations within the flow structures, and local inflectional velocity distributions. The analysis provides a picture of the transition process characterized by a sequence of structures appearing successively in the flow, namely, vortices, hairpin vortices and streamwise streaks. Finally, a disturbance regeneration cycle is conceived, initiated by the fast nonlinear amplification of the minimal seed, providing a possible scenario for the continuous regeneration of the same fundamental flow structures at smaller space and time scales.

JFM classification

Boundary Layers: Boundary layer stability Instability: Nonlinear instability Instability: Transition to turbulence
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 689 , 25 December 2011 , pp. 221 - 253
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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Cherubini et al. supplementary movie

Overall transition process initiated by the minimal seed perturbation. Green isosurfaces indicate regions of high vorticity (Q-criterion), blue ones indicate low-momentum zones ($u'=-0.5$).

Download Cherubini et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 341.8 KB

Cherubini et al. supplementary movie

Overall transition process initiated by the minimal seed perturbation. Green isosurfaces indicate regions of high vorticity (Q-criterion), blue ones indicate low-momentum zones ($u'=-0.5$).

Download Cherubini et al. supplementary movie(Video)
Video 208.1 KB