Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T02:33:44.176Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder with an attached flexible filament

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2021

Puja Sunil Open the ORCID record for Puja Sunil [Opens in a new window] ,
Sanjay Kumar Open the ORCID record for Sanjay Kumar [Opens in a new window]  and
Kamal Poddar Open the ORCID record for Kamal Poddar [Opens in a new window]
Puja Sunil
Affiliation:
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur208016, India
Sanjay Kumar*
Affiliation:
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur208016, India
Kamal Poddar
Affiliation:
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur208016, India
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Experimental studies are conducted on a rotationally oscillating cylinder with an attached flexible filament at a Reynolds number of 150. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effect of cylinder forcing parameters and filament stiffness on the resultant wake structure. The diagnostics are flow visualization using the laser-induced fluorescence technique, frequency measurement using a hot film, and characterization of the velocity and vorticity field using planar particle image velocimetry. The streamwise force and power are estimated through control volume analysis, using a modified formulation, which considers the streamwise and transverse velocity fluctuations in the wake. These terms become important in a flow field where asymmetric wakes are observed. An attached filament significantly modifies the flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder from a Bénard–Kármán vortex street to a reverse Bénard–Kármán vortex street, albeit over a certain range of Strouhal number, $St_{A} \sim 0.25\text {--}0.5$, encountered in nature in flapping flight/fish locomotion and in the flow past pitching airfoils. The transition from a Kármán vortex street to a reverse Kármán vortex street precedes the drag-to-thrust transition. The mechanism of unsteady thrust generation is discussed. Maximum thrust is generated at the instants when vortices are shed in the wake from the filament tip. At $St_{A} > 0.4$, a deflected wake associated with the shedding of an asymmetric vortex street is observed. Filament flexibility delays the formation of an asymmetric wake. Wake symmetry is governed by the time instant at which a vortex pair is shed in the wake from the filament tip.

JFM classification

Vortex Flows: Vortex shedding Wakes/Jets: Separated flows Wakes/Jets: Vortex streets
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 930 , 10 January 2022 , A3
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Andersen, A., Bohr, T., Schnipper, T. & Walther, J.H. 2017 Wake structure and thrust generation of a flapping foil in two-dimensional flow. J. Fluid Mech. 812, R4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J.M., Streitlien, K., Barrett, D.S. & Triantafyllou, M.S. 1998 Oscillating foils of high propulsive efficiency. J. Fluid Mech. 360, 41–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, E.A. & Szewczyk, A.A. 1997 Effects of a splitter plate on the near wake of a circular cylinder in 2 and 3-dimensional flow configurations. Exp. Fluids 23 (2), 161–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apelt, C.J. & West, G.S. 1975 The effects of wake splitter plates on bluff-body flow in the range $10^4< Re < 5\times 10^4$. Part 2. J. Fluid Mech. 71 (1), 145–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apelt, C.J., West, G.S. & Szewczyk, A.A. 1973 The effects of wake splitter plates on the flow past a circular cylinder in the range $10^4< Re < 5\times 10^4$. J. Fluid Mech. 61 (1), 187–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bearman, P.W. 1984 Vortex shedding from oscillating bluff bodies. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 16 (1), 195–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohl, D.G. & Koochesfahani, M.M. 2009 Mtv measurements of the vortical field in the wake of an airfoil oscillating at high reduced frequency. J. Fluid Mech. 620, 63–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleaver, D.J., Wang, Z. & Gursul, I. 2012 Bifurcating flows of plunging aerofoils at high Strouhal numbers. J. Fluid Mech. 708, 349–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Combes, S.A. & Daniel, T.L. 2003 Into thin air: contributions of aerodynamic and inertial-elastic forces to wing bending in the hawkmoth manduca sexta. J. Expl Biol. 206 (17), 2999–3006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Das, A., Shukla, R.K. & Govardhan, R.N. 2016 Existence of a sharp transition in the peak propulsive efficiency of a low-re pitching foil. J. Fluid Mech. 800, 307–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, M.J., Govardhan, R.N. & Arakeri, J.H. 2017 Thrust generation from pitching foils with flexible trailing edge flaps. J. Fluid Mech. 828, 70–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, P.A., Boschitsch, B.M., Moored, K.W., Stone, H.A. & Smits, A.J. 2013 Scaling laws for the thrust production of flexible pitching panels. J. Fluid Mech. 732, 29–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fish, F.E. & Lauder, G.V. 2006 Passive and active flow control by swimming fishes and mammals. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 38, 193–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floryan, D., Van Buren, T. & Smits, A.J. 2020 Swimmers’ wake structures are not reliable indicators of swimming performance. Bioinspir. Biomim. 15 (2), 024001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujisawa, N., Tanahashi, S. & Srinivas, K. 2005 Evaluation of pressure field and fluid forces on a circular cylinder with and without rotational oscillation using velocity data from PIV measurement. Meas. Sci. Technol. 16 (4), 989–996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerrard, J.H. 1966 The mechanics of the formation region of vortices behind bluff bodies. J. Fluid Mech. 25 (2), 401–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godoy-Diana, R., Aider, J.-L. & Wesfreid, J.E. 2008 Transitions in the wake of a flapping foil. Phys. Rev. E 77 (1), 016308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godoy-Diana, R., Marais, C., Aider, J.-L. & Wesfreid, J.E. 2009 A model for the symmetry breaking of the reverse Bénard–von Kármán vortex street produced by a flapping foil. J. Fluid Mech. 622, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Govardhan, R. & Williamson, C.H.K. 2000 Modes of vortex formation and frequency response of a freely vibrating cylinder. J. Fluid Mech. 420, 85–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heathcote, S. & Gursul, I. 2007 Jet switching phenomenon for a periodically plunging airfoil. Phys. Fluids 19 (2), 027104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, J. & Weihs, D. 1978 Hydrodynamic propulsion by large amplitude oscillation of an airfoil with chordwise flexibility. J. Fluid Mech. 88 (3), 485–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koochesfahani, M.M. 1989 Vortical patterns in the wake of an oscillating airfoil. AIAA J. 27 (9), 1200–1205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S., Lopez, C., Probst, O., Francisco, G., Askari, D. & Yang, Y. 2013 Flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder. J. Fluid Mech. 735, 307–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwon, K. & Choi, H. 1996 Control of laminar vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder using splitter plates. Phys. Fluids 8 (2), 479–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S.-J. & Lee, J.-Y. 2008 PIV measurements of the wake behind a rotationally oscillating circular cylinder. J. Fluids Struct. 24 (1), 2–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. & You, D. 2013 Study of vortex-shedding-induced vibration of a flexible splitter plate behind a cylinder. Phys. Fluids 25 (11), 110811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, G.C. & Haj-Hariri, H. 2003 Modelling thrust generation of a two-dimensional heaving airfoil in a viscous flow. J. Fluid Mech. 492, 339–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lighthill, M.J. 1969 Hydromechanics of aquatic animal propulsion. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1 (1), 413–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H., Wassersug, R. & Kawachi, K. 1996 A computational fluid dynamics study of tadpole swimming. J. Expl Biol. 199 (6), 1245–1260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machin, K.E. 1958 Wave propagation along flagella. J. Expl Biol. 35 (4), 796–806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackowski, A.W. & Williamson, C.H.K. 2015 Direct measurement of thrust and efficiency of an airfoil undergoing pure pitching. J. Fluid Mech. 765, 524–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marais, C., Thiria, B., Wesfreid, J.E. & Godoy-Diana, R. 2012 Stabilizing effect of flexibility in the wake of a flapping foil. J. Fluid Mech. 710, 659–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michelin, S. & Llewellyn Smith, S.G. 2009 Resonance and propulsion performance of a heaving flexible wing. Phys. Fluids 21 (7), 071902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prempraneerach, P., Hover, F.S. & Triantafyllou, M.S. 2003 The effect of chordwise flexibility on the thrust and efficiency of a flapping foil. In Proc. 13th Int. Symp. on Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology: special session on bioengineering research related to autonomous underwater vehicles, New Hampshire, vol. 152, pp. 152–170.Google Scholar
Quinn, D.B., Lauder, G.V. & Smits, A.J. 2015 Maximizing the efficiency of a flexible propulsor using experimental optimization. J. Fluid Mech. 767, 430–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roshko, A. 1954 On the drag and shedding frequency of two-dimensional bluff bodies. NACA TN 3169.Google Scholar
Schnipper, T., Andersen, A. & Bohr, T. 2009 Vortex wakes of a flapping foil. J. Fluid Mech. 633, 411–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelley, M., Vandenberghe, N. & Zhang, J. 2005 Heavy flags undergo spontaneous oscillations in flowing water. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (9), 094302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shelley, M.J. & Zhang, J. 2011 Flapping and bending bodies interacting with fluid flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 43, 449–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelton, R.M., Thornycroft, P.J.M. & Lauder, G.V. 2014 Undulatory locomotion of flexible foils as biomimetic models for understanding fish propulsion. J. Expl Biol. 217 (12), 2110–2120.Google ScholarPubMed
Shiels, D. & Leonard, A. 2001 Investigation of a drag reduction on a circular cylinder in rotary oscillation. J. Fluid Mech. 431, 297–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shinde, S.Y. & Arakeri, J.H. 2014 Flexibility in flapping foil suppresses meandering of induced jet in absence of free stream. J. Fluid Mech. 757, 231–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shinde, S.Y. & Arakeri, J.H. 2018 Physics of unsteady thrust and flow generation by a flexible surface flapping in the absence of a free stream. Proc. R. Soc. A 474 (2218), 20180519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sudhakar, Y. & Vengadesan, S. 2012 Vortex shedding characteristics of a circular cylinder with an oscillating wake splitter plate. Comput. Fluids 53, 40–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunil, P., Kumar, S. & Poddar, K. 2020 a Effect of filament stiffness on the wake structure of a rotationally oscillating cylinder. In AIAA AVIATION 2020 FORUM, AIAA Paper 2020-3017. AIAA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunil, P., Kumar, S. & Poddar, K. 2020 b Wake modification of a forced circular cylinder with an attached filament. J. Flow Vis. Image Process. 27 (3), 233–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiria, B., Goujon-Durand, S. & Wesfreid, J.E. 2006 The wake of a cylinder performing rotary oscillations. J. Fluid Mech. 560, 123–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tokumaru, P.T. & Dimotakis, P.E. 1991 Rotary oscillation control of a cylinder wake. J. Fluid Mech. 224, 77–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Triantafyllou, G.S., Triantafyllou, M.S. & Grosenbaugh, M.A. 1993 Optimal thrust development in oscillating foils with application to fish propulsion. J. Fluids Struct. 7 (2), 205–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Ellenrieder, K.D., Parker, K. & Soria, J. 2003 Flow structures behind a heaving and pitching finite-span wing. J. Fluid Mech. 490, 129–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, C.H.K. 1996 Vortex dynamics in the cylinder wake. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 28 (1), 477–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, T.Y.-T. 1971 Hydromechanics of swimming propulsion. Part 1. Swimming of a two-dimensional flexible plate at variable forward speeds in an inviscid fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 46 (2), 337–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J., Qiu, Y.L., Shu, C. & Zhao, N. 2014 a Flow control of a circular cylinder by using an attached flexible filament. Phys. Fluids 26 (10), 103601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J. & Shu, C. 2011 Numerical study of flow characteristics behind a stationary circular cylinder with a flapping plate. Phys. Fluids 23 (7), 073601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J., Shu, C. & Zhao, N. 2014 b Numerical study of flow control via the interaction between a circular cylinder and a flexible plate. J. Fluids Struct. 49, 594–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sunil et al. supplementary movie 1

An example of tadpole locomotion

Download Sunil et al. supplementary movie 1(Video)
Video 8.5 MB

Sunil et al. supplementary movie 2

Flow past a rotationally oscillating cylinder with and without an attached filament

Download Sunil et al. supplementary movie 2(Video)
Video 10.1 MB

Sunil et al. supplementary movie 3

Formation of a chain of vortices

Download Sunil et al. supplementary movie 3(Video)
Video 9.5 MB

Sunil et al. supplementary movie 4

Transition in the wake structure from a Kármán vortex street to a reverse Kármán vortex street

Download Sunil et al. supplementary movie 4(Video)
Video 55 MB

Sunil et al. supplementary movie 5

Effect of filament stiffness on wake symmetry

Download Sunil et al. supplementary movie 5(Video)
Video 9.9 MB