Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T15:33:54.862Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Experiments on wave propagation in grease ice: combined wave gauges and particle image velocimetry measurements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 February 2019

Jean Rabault Open the ORCID record for Jean Rabault [Opens in a new window] ,
Graig Sutherland ,
Atle Jensen ,
Kai H. Christensen  and
Aleksey Marchenko
Jean Rabault*
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Graig Sutherland
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0313 Oslo, Norway Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, K1A 0H3, Canada
Atle Jensen
Affiliation:
Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Kai H. Christensen
Affiliation:
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0313 Oslo, Norway Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
Aleksey Marchenko
Affiliation:
The University Centre in Svalbard, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Water wave attenuation by grease ice is a key mechanism for the polar regions, as waves in ice influence many phenomena such as ice drift, ice breaking and ice formation. However, the models presented so far in the literature are limited in a number of regards, and more insights are required from either laboratory experiments or fieldwork for these models to be validated and improved. Unfortunately, performing detailed measurements of wave propagation in grease ice, either in the field or in the laboratory, is challenging. As a consequence, laboratory data are relatively scarce, and often consist of only a couple of wave elevation measurements along the length of the wave tank. We present combined measurements of wave elevation using an array of ultrasonic probes, and water kinematics using particle image velocimetry (PIV), in a small-scale wave tank experiment. Experiments are performed over a wider frequency range than has been previously investigated. The wave elevation measurements are used to compute the wavenumber and exponential damping coefficient. In contrast to a previous study in grease ice, we find that the wavenumber is consistent with the mass loading model, i.e. it increases compared with the open water case. Wave attenuation is compared with a series of one-layer models, and we show that they satisfactorily describe the viscous damping occurring. PIV data are also consistent with exponential wave amplitude attenuation, and a proper orthogonal decomposition analysis reveals the existence of mean flows under the ice that are a consequence of the displacement and packing of the ice induced by the gradient in the wave-induced stress. Finally, we show that the dynamics of grease ice can generate eddy structures that inject eddy viscosity into the water under the grease ice, which would lead to enhanced mixing and participating in energy dissipation.

JFM classification

Geophysical and Geological Flows: Ice sheets Geophysical and Geological Flows: Sea ice
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 864 , 10 April 2019 , pp. 876 - 898
Check for updates
Copyright
© 2019 Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Babanin, A. V. 2006 On a wave-induced turbulence and a wave-mixed upper ocean layer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 (20), l20605.Google Scholar
Babanin, A. V. & Haus, B. K. 2009 On the existence of water turbulence induced by nonbreaking surface waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 39 (10), 2675–2679.Google Scholar
Berkooz, G., Holmes, P. & Lumley, J. L. 1993 The proper orthogonal decomposition in the analysis of turbulent flows. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 25 (1), 539–575.Google Scholar
Beyá, J. F., Peirson, W. L. & Banner, M. L. 2012 Turbulence beneath finite amplitude water waves. Exp. Fluids 52 (5), 1319–1330.Google Scholar
Broström, G. & Christensen, K.2008 Waves in sea ice. Tech. Rep. 5. Norwegian Meteorological Institute.Google Scholar
Collins, C. O., Rogers, W. E. & Lund, B. 2017 An investigation into the dispersion of ocean surface waves in sea ice. Ocean Dyn. 67 (2), 263–280.Google Scholar
Collins, C. O., Rogers, W. E., Marchenko, A. & Babanin, A. V. 2015 In situ measurements of an energetic wave event in the arctic marginal ice zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42 (6), 1863–1870.Google Scholar
Dalziel, S. 2012 DigiFlow User Guide, 3.4 edn. Dalziel Research Partners, http://www.dalzielresearch.com/digiflow/digiflow.pdf.Google Scholar
De Carolis, G. & Desiderio, D. 2002 Dispersion and attenuation of gravity waves in ice: a two-layer viscous fluid model with experimental data validation. Phys. Lett. A 305 (6), 399–412.Google Scholar
Doble, M. J., De Carolis, G., Meylan, M. H., Bidlot, J.-R. & Wadhams, P. 2015 Relating wave attenuation to pancake ice thickness, using field measurements and model results. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42 (11), 4473–4481.Google Scholar
Gaster, M. 1962 A note on the relation between temporally-increasing and spatially-increasing disturbances in hydrodynamic stability. J. Fluid Mech. 14 (2), 222–224.Google Scholar
Joshua, M. P. 2014 Open-Source Lab. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Keller, J. B. 1998 Gravity waves on ice-covered water. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 7663–7669.Google Scholar
Kerschen, G., Golinval, J.-C., Vakakis, A. F. & Bergman, L. A. 2005 The method of proper orthogonal decomposition for dynamical characterization and order reduction of mechanical systems: an overview. Nonlinear Dyn. 41 (1), 147–169.Google Scholar
Lamb, H. 1932 Hydrodynamics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, J., Kohout, A. L., Doble, M. J., Wadhams, P., Guan, C. & Shen, H. H. 2017 Rollover of apparent wave attenuation in ice covered seas. J. Geophys. Res. 122 (11), 8557–8566.Google Scholar
Marchenko, A., Rabault, J., Sutherland, G., Collins, C. O. III, Wadhams, P. & Chumakov, M. 2017 Field observations and preliminary investigations of a wave event in solid drift ice in the barents sea. In 24th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions.Google Scholar
Martin, S. & Kauffman, P. 1981 A field and laboratory study of wave damping by grease ice. J. Glaciol. 27, 283–313.Google Scholar
Meylan, M. H., Bennetts, L. G., Mosig, J. E. M., Rogers, W. E., Doble, M. J. & Peter, M. A. 2018 Dispersion relations, power laws, and energy loss for waves in the marginal ice zone. J. Geophys. Res. 123 (5), 3322–3335.Google Scholar
Mosig, J. E. M., Montiel, F. & Squire, V. A. 2015 Comparison of viscoelastic-type models for ocean wave attenuation in ice-covered seas. J. Geophys. Res. 120 (9), 6072–6090.Google Scholar
Newyear, K. & Martin, S. 1997 A comparison of theory and laboratory measurements of wave propagation and attenuation in grease ice. J. Geophys. Res. 102 (C11), 25091–25099.Google Scholar
Newyear, K. & Martin, S. 1999 Comparison of laboratory data with a viscous two-layer model of wave propagation in grease ice. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (C4), 7837–7840.Google Scholar
Pfirman, S. L., Eicken, H., Bauch, D. & Weeks, W. F. 1995 The potential transport of pollutants by arctic sea ice. Sci. Total Environ. 159 (2–3), 129–146.Google Scholar
Rabault, J., Halsne, T., Sutherland, G. & Jensen, A. 2016 PTV investigation of the mean drift currents under water waves. In Proceedings of the 18th Int. Lisb. Symp.Google Scholar
Rabault, J., Sutherland, G., Gundersen, O. & Jensen, A. 2017 Measurements of wave damping by a grease ice slick in svalbard using off-the-shelf sensors and open-source electronics. J. Glaciol. 63, 372–381.Google Scholar
Rao, C. R. 1973 Linear Statistical Inference and its Applications. Wiley.Google Scholar
Smedsrud, L. H. 2011 Grease-ice thickness parameterization. Ann. Glaciol. 52, 77–82.Google Scholar
Smedsrud, L. H. & Skogseth, R. 2006 Field measurements of arctic grease ice properties and processes. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 44 (3), 171–183.Google Scholar
Squire, V. A., Dugan, J. P., Wadhams, P., Rottier, P. J. & K., A. 1995 Of ocean waves and sea-ice. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 27, 115–168.Google Scholar
Squire, V. A. & Montiel, F. 2016 Evolution of directional wave spectra in the marginal ice zone: a new model tested with legacy data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 46 (10), 3121–3137.Google Scholar
Sutherland, G., Halsne, T., Rabault, J. & Jensen, A. 2017 The attenuation of monochromatic surface waves due to the presence of an inextensible cover. Wave Motion 68, 88–96.Google Scholar
Sutherland, G. & Rabault, J. 2016 Observations of wave dispersion and attenuation in landfast ice. J. Geophys. Res. 121 (3), 1984–1997.Google Scholar
Sutherland, G., Rabault, J., Christensen, K. H. & Jensen, A.2018 A two layer model for wave dissipation in sea ice. ArXiv 1805.01134.Google Scholar
Thomson, J. & Rogers, W. E. 2014 Swell and sea in the emerging arctic ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 (9), 3136–3140.Google Scholar
Van Dorn, W. G. 1966 Boundary dissipation of oscillatory waves. J. Fluid Mech. 24 (04), 769–779.Google Scholar
Wadhams, P. 1973 Attenuation of swell by sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 78 (18), 3552–3563.Google Scholar
Wadhams, P. & Doble, M. J. 2009 Sea ice thickness measurement using episodic infragravity waves from distant storms. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 56 (2–3), 98–101.Google Scholar
Wadhams, P., Squire, V. A., Goodman, D. J., Cowan, A. M. & Moore, S. C. 1988 The attenuation rates of ocean waves in the marginal ice zone. J. Geophys. Res. 93 (C6), 6799–6818.Google Scholar
Wang, R. & Shen, H. H. 2010a Experimental study on surface wave propagating through a greasepancake ice mixture. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 61 (2–3), 90–96.Google Scholar
Wang, R. & Shen, H. H. 2010b Gravity waves propagating into an ice-covered ocean: a viscoelastic model. J. Geophys. Res. 115, C06024.Google Scholar
Weber, J. E. 1987 Wave attenuation and wave drift in the marginal ice zone. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 17 (12), 2351–2361.Google Scholar
Zhao, X. & Shen, H. H. 2015 Wave propagation in frazil/pancake, pancake, and fragmented ice covers. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 113, 71–80.Google Scholar