Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-cphqk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-10T06:02:41.694Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dynamics of the large-scale structures and associated noise emission in airfoil slats

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2019

Daniel S. Souza Open the ORCID record for Daniel S. Souza [Opens in a new window] ,
Daniel Rodríguez Open the ORCID record for Daniel Rodríguez [Opens in a new window] ,
Fernando H. T. Himeno  and
Marcello A. F. Medeiros Open the ORCID record for Marcello A. F. Medeiros [Opens in a new window]
Daniel S. Souza*
Affiliation:
Department of Thermal and Fluid Sciences, Federal University of São João del Rei, Praça Frei Orlando, 170, São João del Rei, Brazil Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil UNESP – São Paulo State University, Campus São João da Boa Vista, São João da Boa Vista, SP 13876-750, Brazil
Daniel Rodríguez
Affiliation:
ETSIAE-UPM (School of Aeronautics), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza del Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niteroi, RJ 24210-240, Brazil
Fernando H. T. Himeno
Affiliation:
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
Marcello A. F. Medeiros
Affiliation:
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We investigate the slat narrowband peak noise generating mechanism. Unsteady flow data were generated by a lattice-Boltzmann-based commercial code for four configurations, accounting for variations of the airfoil angle of attack and slat overlap. Comparison with experimental results indicates that the aspects of the flow field relevant for the generation of the narrowband peaks were accurately captured. Frequency-domain proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to identify dominant large-scale structures in the frequency range dominated by the peaks. The combined use of the two POD metrics, namely, the turbulent kinetic energy in the turbulent flow region and the acoustic pressure in the far field, demonstrated that the structures most correlated with the noise resemble spanwise coherent Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices which dominate the slat cove only at the frequency of the narrowband peaks. Time evolution of the structures educed using the acoustic pressure correlation provides detailed evidence of the hydrodynamic and acoustic steps of a Rossiter-like feedback mechanism between the slat cusp and trailing edge. The combined analysis of results for the different slat configurations provides an explanation for the effect of the slat configuration on the amplitude of the narrowband peaks observed in previous studies, particularly the influence of the main-element suction peak.

JFM classification

Acoustics: Aeroacoustics Acoustics: Hydrodynamic noise Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Low-dimensional models
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 875 , 25 September 2019 , pp. 1004 - 1034
Copyright
© 2019 Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

‡

Present address: ETSIAE-UPM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain

References

Aflalo, B., Simões, L. G. C., Silva, R. & Medeiros, M. A. F. 2010 Comparative analysis of turbulence models for slat noise source calculations employing unstructured meshes. In Proceedings of the 16th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Amaral, F., Himeno, F., Pagani, C. Jr. & Medeiros, M. 2017 Slat noise from an MD30P30N airfoil at extreme angles of attack. AIAA J. 56 (3), 964–978.Google Scholar
Amaral, F. R., Pagani, C. C. Jr., Himeno, F. H .T., Souza, D. D. & Medeiros, M. A. F. 2019 On closed-section wind-tunnel aeroacoustic experiments with a two-dimensional lifting body. Appl. Acoust. 148, 409–422.Google Scholar
Arndt, R. E. A., Long, D. F. & Glauser, M. N. 1997 The proper orthogonal decomposition of pressure fluctuations surrounding a turbulent jet. J. Fluid Mech. 340, 1–33.Google Scholar
Batchelor, G. K. & Proudman, I. 1954 The effect of rapid distortion of a fluid in turbulent motion. Q. J. Mech. Appl. Maths 7 (1), 83–103.Google Scholar
Bhatnagar, P. L., Gross, E. P. & Krook, M. 1954 A model for collision processes in gases. I. Small amplitude processes in charged and neutral one-component systems. Phys. Rev. 94 (3), 511–525.Google Scholar
Brès, G. A., Pérot, F. & Freed, D. 2010 A Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings solver for lattice-Boltzmann based computational aeroacoustics. In Proceedings of the 16th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Chin, V. D., Peters, D. W., Spaid, F. W. & McGhee, R. J. 1993 Flowfield measurements about a multi-element airfoil at high Reynolds numbers. In Proceedings of the 24th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Choudhari, M., Lockard, D., Macaraeg, M., Singer, B., Streett, C., Neubert, G., Stoker, W., Underbrink, J., Berkman, M., Khorrami, M. et al. 2002 Aeroacoustic experiments in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel. Tech. Rep. NASA, Hampton, USA.Google Scholar
Choudhari, M. M. & Khorrami, M. R. 2007 Effect of three-dimensional shear-layer structures on slat cove unsteadiness. AIAA J. 45 (9), 2174–2186.Google Scholar
Crighton, D. G. 1991 Airframe noise. In Aeroacoustics of Flight Vehicles: Theory and Practice (ed. Hubbard, H. H.), vol. 1, p. 447. NASA.Google Scholar
Dantas, L., Catalano, F., Medeiros, M. & Carmo, M. 2010 The update process and characterization of the Sáo Paulo wind-tunnel for aeroacoustic testing. In Proceedings ICAS-2010. Optimage Ltd.Google Scholar
Deck, S. 2005 Zonal-detached-eddy simulation of the flow around a high-lift configuration. AIAA J. 43 (11), 2372–2384.Google Scholar
Deck, S. & Laraufie, R. 2013 Numerical investigation of the flow dynamics past a three-element aerofoil. J. Fluid Mech. 732, 401–444.Google Scholar
Dierke, J., Appel, C., Siebert, J., Bauer, M., Siefert, M. & Ewert, R. 2011 3D computation of broadband slat noise from swept and unswept high-lift wing sections. In Proceedings of the 17th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Dobrzynski, W. 2010 Almost 40 years of airframe noise research: what did we achieve? J. Aircraft 47 (2), 353–367.Google Scholar
Dobrzynski, W., Nagakura, K., Gehlhar, B. & Bushbaum, A. 1998 Airframe noise studies on wings deployed high-lift devices. In Proceedings of the 4th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Dobrzynski, W. & Pott-Pollenske, M. 2001 Slat noise source studies for farfield noise prediction. In Proceedings of the 7th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Druault, P., Gloerfelt, X. & Mervant, T. 2011 Investigation of flow structures involved in sound generation by two- and three-dimensional cavity flows. Comput. Fluids 48, 54–67.Google Scholar
Ewert, R. 2008 Broadband slat noise prediction based on CAA and stochastic sound sources from a fast random particle-mesh (RPM) method. Comput. Fluids 37, 369–387.Google Scholar
Ewert, R., Dierke, J., Pott-Pollenske, M., Appel, C., Emunds, R. & Sutcliffe, M. 2010 CAA-RPM prediction and validation of slat setting influence on broadband high-lift noise generation. In Proceedings of the 16th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Farassat, F. & Succi, G. 1980 A review of propeller discrete frequency noise prediction technology with enphasis on two current methods for time domain calculations. Comput. Fluids 35, 898–909.Google Scholar
Fares, E. 2006 Unsteady flow simulation of the ahmed reference body using a lattice Boltzmann approach. Computers and Fluid 35, 940–950.Google Scholar
Ffowcs-Williams, J. & Hall, L. 1970 Aerodynamic sound generation by turbulence in the vicinity of a scattering half plane. J. Fluid Mech. 40, 657–670.Google Scholar
Fink, M. R. 1979 Noise component method for airframe noise. J. Aircraft 16 (10), 659–665.Google Scholar
Freund, J. & Colonius, T. 2009 Turbulence and sound-field POD analysis of a turbulent jet. Intl J. Aeroacoust. 8 (4), 337–354.Google Scholar
He, X. & Luo, L. 1997 Theory of lattice Boltzmann method: from the Boltzmann equation to the lattice Boltzmann equation. Phys. Rev. E 56 (6), 6811–6817.Google Scholar
Hein, S., Hohage, T., Koch, W. & Schöberl, J. 2007 Acoustic resonances in a high-lift configuration. J. Fluid Mech. 582, 179–202.Google Scholar
Heller, H. & Bliss, D. 1975 The physical mechanism of flow-induced pressure fluctuations in cavities and concepts for their suppression. In Proceedings of the 2nd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Herr, M., Pott-Pollenske, M., Ewert, R., Boenke, D., Siebert, J., Delfs, J., Rudenko, A., Büscher, A., Friedel, H. & Mariotti, I. 2015 Large-scale studies on slat noise reduction. In Proceedings of the 21st AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Holmes, P., Lumley, J. & Berkooz, G. 1996 Turbulence, Coherent Structures, Dynamical Systems and Symmetry. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Imamura, T., Enomoto, S., Yokokawa, Y. & Yamamoto, K. 2008 Three-dimensional unsteady flow computations around a conventional slat of high-lift devices. AIAA J. 46 (5), 1045–1053.Google Scholar
Imamura, T., Ura, H., Yokokawa, Y. & Yamamoto, K. 2009 A far-field noise and near-field unsteadyness of a simplified high-lift-configuration model (slat). In Proceedings of the 15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Jenkins, L. N., Khorrami, M. R. & Choudhari, M. M. 2004 Characterization of unsteady flow structures near leading-edge slat: part I. PIV measurements. In Proceedings of the 10th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Khorrami, M., Berkman, M. & Choudhari, M. 2000 Unsteady flow computation of a slat with a blunt trailing edge. AIAA J. 38 (11), 2050–2058.Google Scholar
Khorrami, M. R., Choudhari, M. M. & Jenkins, L. N. 2004 Characterization of unsteady flow structures near leading-edge slat: part II. 2D computations. In Proceedings of the 10th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Khorrami, M. R., Singer, B. & Berkman, M. 2001 Time-accurate simulations and acoustic analysis of slat free-shear-layer. In Proceedings of the 7th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Khorrami, M. R., Singer, B. & Lockard, D. 2002 Time-accurate simulations and acoustic analysis of slat free-shear-layer: part II. In Proceedings of the 8th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Klausmayer, S. M. & Lin, J. C. 1994 An experimental investigation of skin friction on a multi-element airfoil. In Proceedings of the 12th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Kolb, A., Faulhaber, P., Drobietz, R. & Grünewald, M. 2007 Aeroacoustic wind tunnel measurements on a 2D high-lift configuration. In Proceedings of the 13th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Li, Y., Shock, R., Zhang, R. & Chen, H. 2004 Numerical study of flow past an impulsively started cylinder by the lattice-Boltzmann method. J. Fluid Mech. 519, 273–300.Google Scholar
Lockard, D. P. & Choudhari, M. M. 2009 Noise radiation from leading-edge slat. In Proceedings of the 15th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Lockard, D. P. & Choudhari, M. M. 2012 The influence of realistic Reynolds numbers on slat noise simulations. In Proceedings of the 18th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Mendoza, J., Brooks, T. & Humphreys, W. Jr. 2002 An aeroacoustic study of a leading edge slat configuration. Intl J. Aeroacoust. 1 (3), 241–274.Google Scholar
Murayama, M., Nakakita, K., Yamamoto, K., Ura, H., Ito, Y. & Choudhari, M. 2014 Experimental study of slat noise from 30P30N three-element high-lift airfoil in JAXA hard-wall low-speed wind tunnel. In Proceedings of the 20th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Najafi-Yazdi, A., Brès, G. & Mongeau, L. 2011 An acoustic analogy formulation for moving sources in uniformly moving media. Proc. R. Soc. A 467, 144–165.Google Scholar
Pagani, C. Jr., Souza, D. & Medeiros, M. 2016 Slat noise: aeroacoustic beamforming in closed-section wind tunnel with numerical comparison. AIAA J. 54 (7), 2100–2115.Google Scholar
Pagani, C. Jr., Souza, D. & Medeiros, M. 2017 Experimental investigation on the effect of slat geometrical configurations on aerodynamic noise. J. Sound Vib. 394, 256–279.Google Scholar
Pascioni, K. A. & Cattafesta, L. N. 2018 Unsteady characteristics of a slat-cove flow field. Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 034607.Google Scholar
Pérennè, S. & Roger, M. 1998 Aerodynamic noise of a two-dimensional wing with high-lift devices. In Proceedings of the 4th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustic Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Pott-Pollenske, M., Alvarez-Gonzalez, J. & Dobrzynski, W. 2003 Effect of slat gap/overlap on farfield radiated noise. In Proceedings of 9th AIAA/CEAS Aeracoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Richard, P. R., Wilkins, S. J. & Hall, J. W. 2018 Particle image velocity investigation of the coherent structures in a leading-edge slat flow. J. Fluids Engng 582, 179–202.Google Scholar
Rossiter, J. E.1966 Wind-tunnel experiments on the flow over rectangular cavities at subsonic and transonic speeds. Tech. Rep. Aeronautical Research Council.Google Scholar
Rowley, C. W., Colonius, T. & Basu, A. 2002 On self-sustained oscilations in two-dimensional compressible flow over rectangular cavity. J. Fluid Mech. 455, 315–346.Google Scholar
Satti, R., Li, Y., Shock, R. & Noelting, S. 2008 Simulation of flow over a 3-element airfoil using a lattice-Boltzmann method. In Proceedings of the 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Simões, L. G. C., Souza, D. S. & Medeiros, M. A. F. 2011 On the small effect of boundary layer thicknesses on slat noise. In Proceedings of the 17th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Sinha, A., Rodríguez, D., Brès, G. & Colonius, T. 2014 Wavepacket model for supersonic jet noise. J. Fluid Mech. 742, 71–95.Google Scholar
Sirovich, L. 1987 Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. Parts I–III. Q. Appl. Maths 45 (3), 561–571.Google Scholar
Souza, D. S., Rodríguez, D., Simões, L. & Medeiros, M. A. F. 2015 Effect of an excrescence in the slat cove: flow-field, acoustic radiation and coherent structures. Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 44, 108–115.Google Scholar
Spaid, F. W. & Lynch, F. T. 1996 High Reynolds number, multi-element airfoil flowfield measurements. In Proceedings of the 34th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Sun, Y., Taira, K., Cattafesta III, L. N. & Ukeiley, L. S. 2017 Biglobal instabilities of compressible open-cavity flows. J. Fluid Mech. 826, 270–301.Google Scholar
Teixeira, C. M. 1998 Incorporating turbulence models into the Lattice–Boltzmann method. Intl J. Mod. Phys. C 9 (8), 1159–1175.Google Scholar
Terracol, M., Manoha, E. & Lemoine, B. 2016 Investigation of the unsteady flow and noise generation in a slat cove. AIAA J. 54 (2), 469–489.Google Scholar
Valarezo, W. O., Dominik, C. J., McGhee, R. J., Goodman, W. L. & Paschal, K. B. 1991 Multielement airfoil optimization for maiximum lift at high Reynolds numbers. In Proceedings of 9th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.Google Scholar
Wolf-Gladrow, D. 2000 Lattice-Gas Cellular Automata and Lattice Boltzmann Models: An Introduction. Springer.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Chen, H., Wang, K. & Wang, M. 2017 Aeroacoustic prediction of a multi-element airfoil using wall-modeled large-eddy simulation. AIAA J. 55 (12), 4219–4233.Google Scholar