Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-wp2c8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-22T08:19:02.400Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Pricing of Municipal Bonds

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

Extract

In recent years, increased interest has developed in municipal bonds. This interest seems to be related to higher levels of interest rates, higher marginal tax rates for individuals because of inflation, and large demand for capital funds by municipalities. In spite of this greater awareness of municipal bonds, the academic literature lacks a rigorous analysis comparing municipal bonds with other bonds. The purpose of this paper is to partially fill this gap. Since one major characteristic differentiating municipal bonds from other bonds is the (federal) tax-free status of the coupons on municipals, this paper will trace out the implications of this differential tax treatment by comparing municipal bonds with fully-taxed bonds.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © School of Business Administration, University of Washington 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

[1]Bierwag, G. O. “Optimal TIC Bids on Serial Bond Issues.” Management Science (07 1976), pp. 11751185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[2]Bierwag, G. O. “Some Implications of NIC Bids on Serial Bond Issues.” Decision Sciences (01 1977), PP. 191—210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[3]Bierwag, G. O.Immunization, Duration and the Term Structure of Interest Rates.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (12 1977), pp. 725742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[4]Buse, A.Expectations, Prices, Coupons and Yields.” Journal of Finance (09 1970), pp. 809818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[5]Buse, A.Reply.” Journal of Finance (09 1975), PP. 11411142.Google Scholar
[6]Caks, J.The Coupon Effect on Yield to Maturity.” Journal of Finance (03 1977), pp. 103116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[7]Caks, J.Corporate Debt Decisions: A New Analytical Framework.” Journal of Finance (12 1978), pp. 12971315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[8]Cagan, P. “A Study of Liquidity Premiums on Federal and Municipal Government Securities.” In Essays on Interest Rates, Guttentag, J. and Cagan, P., eds. NBER, Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press (1969), pp. 107142.Google Scholar
[9]Cohen, K. J., and Hammer, F. S.. “Optimal Coupon Schedules for Municipal Bonds.” Management Science (09 1965), PP. 6882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[10]Cohen, K. J., “Optimal Level Debt Schedules for Municipal Bonds.” Management Science (11 1966), pp. 161166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[11]Cramer, R., and Hawk, S.. “The Consideration of Coupon Levels, Taxes, Reinvestment Rates, and Maturity in the Investment Management of Financial Institutions.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (03 1975), PP. 6784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[12]Durand, D., and Winn, W.. Basic Yields of Bonds, 1926–1947: Their Measurement and Pattern. Technical Paper 6, National Bureau of Economic Research (1947).Google Scholar
[13]Forbes, R. W., and Petersen, J. E.. Building a Broader Market, Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the Municipal Bond Market. New York: McGraw-Hill (1976).Google Scholar
[14]Hodges, S., and Schaefer, S.. “A Model for Bond Portfolio Improvement.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (06 1977), PP. 243260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[15]Hopewell, M. H., and Kaufman, G. C.. “The Cost of Inefficient Coupons on Municipal Bonds.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (03 1974), pp. 155164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[16]Hopewell, M. H., “Costs to Municipalities of Selling Bonds by NIC.National Tax Journal (12 1974), pp. 531541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[17]Hopewell, M. H., “Commercial Bank Bidding on Municipal Revenue Bonds.” Journal of Finance (12 1977), PP. 16471656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[18]Huefner, R. P.Taxable Alternatives to Municipal Bonds, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Research Report No. 53 (1973).Google Scholar
[19]Kessel, R.A Study of the Effects of Competition in the Tax-Exempt Bond Market.” Journal of Political Economy (07/08 1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[20]Khang, C.Expectations, Prices, Coupons and Yields: Comment.” Journal of Finance (09 1975), PP. 11371140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[21]Kimball, R. C.Commercial Bank Demands and Municipal Bond Yields. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Report No. 63 (1977).Google Scholar
[22]Livingston, M.Taxation and Bond Market Equilibrium in a World of Uncertain Future Interest Rates.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (03 1979), pp. 1127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[23]Livingston, M.Taxation and the Shape of the Bond Yield to Maturity Curve.” Journal of Finance (03 1979), pp. 189196.Google Scholar
[24]Livingston, M.A Note on the Issuance of Long-Term Pure Discount Notes.” Journal of Finance (03 1979), pp. 241246.Google Scholar
[25]Livingston, M.The Pricing of Premium Bonds.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (09 1979), PP. 517”527.Google Scholar
[26]McCulloch, J. H.The Tax Adjusted Yield Curve.” Journal of Finance (06 1975), pp. 811830.Google Scholar
[27]Meiselman, D.The Term Structure of Interest Rates. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall (1962).Google Scholar
[28]Miller, M.Debt and Taxes.” Journal of Finance (05 1977), pp. 261275.Google Scholar
[29]Percis, J., and Quinto, L.. “The Application of Linear Programming to Competitive Bond Bidding.” Econometrics (10 1956), pp. 413428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[30]Pye, G.On the Tax Structure of Interest Rates.Quarterly Journal of Economics (09 1969), pp. 562579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[31]Robichek, A., and Niebuhr, W.. “Tax Induced Bias in Reported Treasury Yields.” Journal of Finance (12 1970), pp. 10811090.Google Scholar
[32]Robinson, R. I.Postwar Market for State and Local Government Securities, National Bureau of Economic Research, Princeton, New Jersey (1960).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[33]Roll, R.The Behavior of Interest Rates. New York: Basic Books (1970).Google Scholar
[34]Ross, S.A Simple Approach to the Valuation of Risky Streams.” Journal of Business (07 1978), pp. 453475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[35]Scott, J.The Valuation of Nominal Cash Flows with Risk-Adjusted Discount Rates and Market Certainty Equivalents.” Working Paper, Columbia University (12 1977).Google Scholar
[36]Walker, J. E. “The ‘Net Interest Cost’ Method of Issuing Tax Exempt Bonds: Is It Rational? - A Comment.” Public Finance (11 1969), pp. 624626.Google Scholar
[37]Watson, R. D. “‘Net Interest Cost’ Method of Issuing Tax Exempt Bonds: Is It Rational? - A Comment.” Public Finance (08 1970), pp. 433438.Google Scholar
[38]Weingartner, H. M. “Municipal Bond Coupon Schedules with Limitations on the Number of Coupons.” Management Science (12 1972), pp. 369380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[39]West, R. R.Determinants of Underwriter Spreads on Municipal Bond Issues.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (09 1967), pp. 241263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[40]West, R. R. “The Net Interest Cost Method of Issuing Tax Exempt Bonds: Is It Rational?” Public Finance (11 1968), pp. 346353.Google Scholar
[41]West, R. R. “The Net Interest Cost Method of Issuing Tax Exempt Bonds: A Reply to Prof. Walker.” Public Finance (11 1969), pp. 627630.Google Scholar
[42]Yawitz, J.Risk Premia on Municipal Bonds.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis (09 1978), pp. 475485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar