Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T06:30:18.752Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Local Political Uncertainty, Family Control, and Investment Behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2018

Abstract

Estimating difference-in-differences models on a comprehensive data set of Italian companies, we provide novel insights into the literature on political uncertainty and firm investment. We first establish that local political uncertainty leads to declining investment. Next, we show that family control neutralizes this effect: Family firms are more likely than other firms to invest during politically uncertain times, especially when operating in industries dependent on public spending and/or managed by family members. Finally, we document that this investment resilience of family firms under political uncertainty translates into significantly greater profitability and growth.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

We thank an anonymous referee, Pat Akey, Mircea Epure, Paul Malatesta (the editor), Alexei Ovtchinnikov, Andrea Polo, Sebastian Schwenen, Carlos Serrano, and Michael Kurschilgen, as well as participants at the 2016 Financial Management Association Conference, the 2016 International Finance and Banking Society Conference, and seminar participants at the University of Edinburgh, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Technische Universität München for useful comments and suggestions. We also thank Fabio Quarato for data support. All errors remain our own.

References

Akey, P., and Lewellen, S.. “Policy Uncertainty, Political Capital, and Firm Risk-Taking.” Working Paper, University of Toronto (2016).Google Scholar
Alesina, A., and Perotti, R.. “Income Distribution, Political Instability, and Investment.” European Economic Review, 40 (1996), 12031228.Google Scholar
Amore, M. D., and Bennedsen, M.. “The Value of Local Political Connections in a Low-Corruption Environment.” Journal of Financial Economics, 213 (2013), 387402.Google Scholar
Amore, M. D.; Garofalo, O.; and Minichilli, A.. “Gender Interactions within the Family Firm.” Management Science, 60 (2014), 10831097.Google Scholar
Amore, M. D.; Minichilli, A.; and Corbetta, G.. “How Do Managerial Successions Shape Corporate Financial Policies in Family Firms?Journal of Corporate Finance, 17 (2011), 10161027.Google Scholar
Anderson, R.; Mansi, S.; and Reeb, D.. “Founding Family Ownership and the Agency Cost of Debt.” Journal of Financial Economics, 68 (2003), 263285.Google Scholar
Anderson, R.; Mansi, S.; and Reeb, D.. “Investment Policy in Family Controlled Firms.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 36 (2012), 17441758.Google Scholar
Anderson, R., and Reeb, D.. “Founding-Family Ownership and Firm Performance: Evidence from the S&P 500.” Journal of Finance, 58 (2003), 13011328.Google Scholar
Asker, J.; Farre-Mensa, J.; and Ljungqvist, A.. “Corporate Investment and Stock Market Listing: A Puzzle?Review of Financial Studies, 28 (2015), 342390.Google Scholar
Atanassov, J.; Julio, B.; and Leng, T.. “The Bright Side of Political Uncertainty: The Case of R&D.” Working Paper, University of Nebraska (2016).Google Scholar
Baker, S., and Bloom, S.. “Does Uncertainty Reduce Growth? Using Natural Disasters as Natural Experiments.” Working Paper, Stanford University (2013).Google Scholar
Baker, S.; Bloom, N.; and Davis, S. J.. “Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131 (2016), 15931636.Google Scholar
Barro, R.Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (1991), 407443.Google Scholar
Belo, F.; Gala, V.; and Li, J.. “Government Spending, Political Cycles, and the Cross Section of Stock Returns.” Journal of Financial Economics, 107 (2013), 305324.Google Scholar
Bennedsen, M.; Huang, S.; Wagner, H.; and Zeume, S.. “Family Firms and Labor Market Regulation.” Working Paper, INSEAD (2015).Google Scholar
Bennedsen, M.; Nielsen, K. M.; Pérez-González, F.; and Wolfenzon, D.. “Inside the Family Firm: The Role of Families in Succession Decisions and Performance.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118 (2007), 11691208.Google Scholar
Bernanke, B.Irreversibility, Uncertainty, and Cyclical Investment.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98 (1983), 85106.Google Scholar
Bertrand, M.; Kramarz, F.; Schoar, A.; and Thesmar, D.. “The Cost of Political Connections.” Review of Finance, 22 (2018), 849876.Google Scholar
Bertrand, M., and Schoar, A.. “The Role of Family in Family Firms.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (2006), 7396.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, U.; Hsu, P. H.; Tian, X.; and Xu, Y.. “What Affects Innovation More: Policy or Policy Uncertainty?Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 52 (2017), 18691901.Google Scholar
Bianco, M.; Bontempi, M. E.; Golinelli, R.; and Parigi, G.. “Family Firms’ Investment, Uncertainty and Opacity.” Small Business Economics, 40 (2013), 10351058.Google Scholar
Bloom, N.; Bond, S.; and Van Reenen, J.. “Uncertainty and Investment Dynamics.” Review of Economic Studies, 74 (2007), 391415.Google Scholar
Boutchkova, M.; Doshi, H.; Durnev, A.; and Molchanov, A.. “Precarious Politics and Return Volatility.” Review of Financial Studies, 25 (2012), 11111154.Google Scholar
Brogaard, J., and Detzel, A.. “The Asset Pricing Implications of Government Economic Policy Uncertainty.” Management Science, 61 (2015), 318.Google Scholar
Bunkanwanicha, P.; Fan, J.; and Wiwattanakantang, Y.. “The Value of Marriage to Family Firms.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 48 (2013), 611636.Google Scholar
Carvalho, D.The Real Effects of Government-Owned Banks: Evidence from an Emerging Market.” Journal of Finance, 69 (2014), 577609.Google Scholar
Cingano, F., and Pinotti, P.. “Politicians at Work: The Private Returns and Social Costs of Political Connections.” Journal of the European Economic Association, 11 (2013), 433465.Google Scholar
Colak, G.; Durnev, A.; and Qian, Y.. “Political Uncertainty and IPO Activity: Evidence from U.S. Gubernatorial Elections.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 53 (2016), 25232564.Google Scholar
Comin, D., and Mulani, S.. “Diverging Trends in Aggregate and Firm Volatility.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 88 (2006), 374383.Google Scholar
Czarnitzki, D., and Toole, A.. “Patent Protection, Market Uncertainty, and R&D Investment.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 93 (2011), 147159.Google Scholar
D’Aurizio, L.; Oliviero, T.; and Romano, L.. “Family Firms, Soft Information and Bank Lending in a Financial Crisis.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 33 (2015), 279292.Google Scholar
Ellul, A.; Pagano, M.; and Panunzi, F.. “Inheritance Law and Investment in Family Firms.” American Economic Review, 100 (2010), 24142450.Google Scholar
Faccio, M., and Lang, L. H.. “The Ultimate Ownership of Western European Corporations.” Journal of Financial Economics, 65 (2002), 365395.Google Scholar
Faccio, M.; Masulis, R.; and McConnell, J.. “Political Connections and Corporate Bailouts.” Journal of Finance, 61 (2006), 25972635.Google Scholar
Faccio, M., and Parsley, D.. “Sudden Deaths: Taking Stock of Geographic Ties.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 44 (2009), 683718.Google Scholar
Fan, J.; Wong, T. J.; and Zhang, T.. “Politically Connected CEOs, Corporate Governance, and Post-IPO Performance of China’s Newly Partially Privatized Firms.” Journal of Financial Economics, 84 (2007), 330357.Google Scholar
Fisman, R.Estimating the Value of Political Connections.” American Economic Review, 91 (2001), 10951102.Google Scholar
Francis, B.; Hasan, I.; and Zhu, Y.. “The Impact of Political Uncertainty on Institutional Ownership.” Working Paper, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (2013).Google Scholar
Goldman, E.; Rocholl, J.; and So, J.. “Politically Connected Boards of Directors and the Allocation of Procurement Contracts.” Review of Finance, 17 (2013), 16171648.Google Scholar
Gormley, T., and Matsa, D.. “Common (Errors): How To (and Not To) Control for Unobserved Heterogeneity.” Review of Financial Studies, 27 (2014), 617661.Google Scholar
Grullon, G.; Lyandres, E.; and Zhdanov, A.. “Real Options, Volatility, and Stock Returns.” Journal of Finance, 67 (2012), 14991537.Google Scholar
Guiso, L., and Parigi, G.. “Investment and Demand Uncertainty.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (1999), 185227.Google Scholar
Gulen, H., and Ion, M.. “Political Uncertainty and Corporate Investment.” Review of Financial Studies, 29 (2016), 523564.Google Scholar
Hermes, N., and Lensink, R.. “Capital Flight and the Uncertainty of Government Policies.” Economics Letters, 71 (2001), 377381.Google Scholar
Hsu, P. H.; Huang, S.; Massa, M.; and Zhang, H.. “The New Lyrics of the Old Folks: The Role of Family Ownership in Corporate Innovation.” Working Paper, University of Hong Kong (2015).Google Scholar
Jens, C.Political Uncertainty and Investment: Causal Evidence from U.S. Gubernatorial Elections.” Journal of Financial Economics, 124 (2017), 563579.Google Scholar
Julio, B., and Yook, Y.. “Political Uncertainty and Corporate Investment Cycles.” Journal of Finance, 67 (2012), 4584.Google Scholar
Julio, B., and Yook, Y.. “Policy Uncertainty, Irreversibility, and Cross-Border Flows of Capital.” Journal of International Economics, 103 (2016), 1326.Google Scholar
Kelly, B.; Pastor, L.; and Veronesi, P.. “The Price of Political Uncertainty: Theory and Evidence from the Option Market.” Journal of Finance, 71 (2016), 24712480.Google Scholar
Lagaras, S., and Tsoutsoura, M.. “Family Control and the Cost of Debt: Evidence from the Great Recession.” Working Paper, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (2015).Google Scholar
Lins, K.; Volpin, P.; and Wagner, H.. “Does Family Control Matter? International Evidence from the 2008–2009 Financial Crisis.” Review of Financial Studies, 26 (2013), 25832619.Google Scholar
Liu, W. M., and Ngo, P.. “Elections, Political Competition and Bank Failure.” Journal of Financial Economics, 112 (2014), 251268.Google Scholar
Miller, D.; Minichilli, A.; and Corbetta, G.. “Is Family Leadership Always Beneficial?Strategic Management Journal, 34 (2013), 553571.Google Scholar
Morck, R.; Wolfenzon, D.; and Yeung, B.. “Corporate Governance, Economic Entrenchment, and Growth.” Journal of Economic Literature, 43 (2005), 655720.Google Scholar
Mueller, H., and Philippon, T.. “Family Firms and Labor Relations.” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 3 (2011), 218245.Google Scholar
Mullins, W., and Schoar, A.. “How Do CEOs See Their Role? Management Philosophies and Styles in Family and Non-Family Firms.” Journal of Financial Economics, 119 (2016), 2443.Google Scholar
Nordhaus, W.The Political Business Cycle.” Review of Economic Studies, 42 (1975), 169190.Google Scholar
Ovtchinnikov, A.; Reza, S. W.; and Wu, Y.. “Political Activism and Firm Innovation.” Working Paper, HEC Paris (2015).Google Scholar
Pastor, L., and Veronesi, P.. “Political Uncertainty and Risk Premia.” Journal of Financial Economics, 110 (2013), 520545.Google Scholar
Shi, M., and Svensson, J.. “Political Budget Cycles: Do They Differ across Countries and Why?Journal of Public Economics, 90 (2006), 13671389.Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R.. “Politicians and Firms.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109 (1994), 9951025.Google Scholar
Thesmar, D., and Thoenig, M.. “From Flexibility to Insecurity: How Vertical Separation Amplifies Firm Level Uncertainty.” Journal of the European Economic Association, 5 (2007), 11611202.Google Scholar
Tsoutsoura, M.The Effect of Succession Taxes on Family Firm Investment: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Journal of Finance, 70 (2015), 649688.Google Scholar
Villalonga, B., and Amit, R.. “Family Control of Firms and Industries.” Financial Management, 39 (2010), 863904.Google Scholar
Wellman, L.Mitigating Political Uncertainty.” Review of Accounting Studies, 22 (2017), 217250.Google Scholar