Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T22:00:02.190Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Corporate Financial Frictions and Employee Mental Health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 May 2023

Dániel Kárpáti
Affiliation:
Tilburg University Department of Finance [email protected]
Luc Renneboog*
Affiliation:
Tilburg University Department of Finance
*
[email protected] (corresponding author)
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This article argues that corporate financial frictions can have an adverse effect on employee mental health, an important determinant of employee productivity. To identify the causal effects of financial frictions, we exploit variation in firms’ need to refinance their long-term debt in 2008, a period when refinancing became more difficult due to the credit crunch. Using administrative microdata, we find that antidepressant use grows significantly more among employees of firms in higher need of debt refinancing. Much of this effect occurs at employees keeping their jobs, pointing to decreased perceptions of job security as a transmission channel.

Type
Research Article
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use and/or adaptation of the article.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington

Footnotes

Results are based on calculations by Dániel Kárpáti of Tilburg University using nonpublic microdata from Statistics Netherlands. The research for this publication was partly funded by the Open Data Infrastructure for Social Science and Economic Innovations (ODISSEI) in the Netherlands (www.odissei-data.nl).

References

Almeida, H.; Campello, M.; Laranjeira, B.; and Weisbenner, S.. “Corporate Debt Maturity and the Real Effects of the 2007 Credit Crisis.” Critical Financial Review, 1 (2011), 358.10.1561/104.00000001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeida, H.; Kim, C. S.; and Kim, H. B.. “Internal Capital Markets in Business Groups: Evidence from the Asian Financial Crisis.” Journal of Finance, 70 (2015), 25392586.10.1111/jofi.12309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach, L.; Baghai, R.; Boss, M.; and Silva, R.. “How Do Acquisitions Affect the Mental Health of Employees?” Available at SSRN 3947957 (2021).10.2139/ssrn.3947957CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baghai, R.; Silva, R.; Thell, V.; and Vig, V.. “Talent in Distressed Firms: Investigating the Labor Costs of Financial Distress.Journal of Finance, 76 (2021), 29072961.10.1111/jofi.13077CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barclay, M. J., and Smith, C. W. Jr. The Maturity Structure of Corporate Debt.” Journal of Finance, 50 (1995), 609631.10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb04797.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benmelech, E.; Bergman, N.; and Seru, A.. “Financing Labor.” NBER Working Paper No. 17144 (2011).10.3386/w17144CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benmelech, E.; Frydman, C.; and Papanikolaou, D.. “Financial Frictions and Employment During the Great Depression.” Journal of Financial Economics, 133 (2019), 541563.10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.02.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradford, W. D., and Lastrapes, W. D.. “Prescription for Unemployment? Recessions and the Demand for Mental Health Drugs.” Health Economics, 23 (2014), 13011325.10.1002/hec.2983CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, J., and Matsa, D. A.. “Boarding a Sinking Ship? An Investigation of Job Applications to Distressed Firms.” Journal of Finance, 71 (2016), 507550.10.1111/jofi.12367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browning, M., and Heinesen, E.. “Effect of Job Loss due to Plant Closure on Mortality and Hospitalization.” Journal of Health Economics, 31 (2012), 599616.10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.03.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bubonya, M.; Cobb-Clark, D. A.; and Wooden, M.. “Mental Health and Productivity at Work: Does What You Do Matter?Labour Economics, 46 (2017), 150165.10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgard, S. A.; Brand, J. E.; and House, J. S.. “Perceived Job Insecurity and Worker Health in the United States.” Social Science & Medicine, 69 (2009), 777785.10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, W. N.; Schultz, A. B.; Chen, C. Y.; and Edington, D. W.. “The Association of Worker Productivity and Mental Health: A Review of the Literature.” International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 1 (2008), 7894.10.1108/17538350810893883CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caggese, A.; Cuñat, V.; and Metzger, D.. “Firing the Wrong Workers: Financing Constraints and Labor Misallocation.” Journal of Financial Economics, 133 (2019), 589607.10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.10.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, D.Financing Constraints and the Amplification of Aggregate Downturns.” Review of Financial Studies, 28 (2015), 24632501.10.1093/rfs/hhv021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, K. K., and DeCicca, P.. “Local Labor Market Fluctuations and Health: Is There a Connection and for Whom?Journal of Health Economics, 27 (2008), 15321550.10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.06.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chodorow-Reich, G.The Employment Effects of Credit Market Disruptions: Firm-Level Evidence from the 2008–9 Financial Crisis.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129 (2014), 159.10.1093/qje/qjt031CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deelen, A.; de Graaf-Zijl, M.; and van den Berge, W.. “Labour Market Effects of Job Displacement for Prime-Age and Older Workers.” IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 7 (2018), 3.10.1186/s40172-018-0063-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desai, M. A.; Foley, C. F.; and Hines, J. R. Jr.A Multinational Perspective on Capital Structure Choice and Internal Capital Markets.” Journal of Finance, 59 (2004), 24512487.10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00706.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
DNB. Quarterly Bulletin March 2009. De Nederlandsche Bank (2009).Google Scholar
Duchi, F., and Elbourne, A.. “Credit Supply Shocks in the Netherlands.” Journal of Macroeconomics, 50 (2016), 5171.10.1016/j.jmacro.2016.09.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duijts, S. F. A.; Kant, I.; Swaen, G. M. H.; van den Brandt, P. A.; and Zeegers, M. P. A.. “A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies Identifies Predictors of Sickness Absence.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60 (2007), 11051115.10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.04.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duval, R.; Hong, G. H.; and Timmer, Y.. “Financial Frictions and the Great Productivity Slowdown.” Review of Financial Studies, 33 (2020), 475503.10.1093/rfs/hhz063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, M. J.Asymmetric Information and Risky Debt Maturity Choice.” Journal of Finance, 41 (1986), 1937.10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb04489.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganster, D. C., and Rosen, C. C.. “Work Stress and Employee Health: A Multidisciplinary Review.” Journal of Management, 39 (2013), 10851122.10.1177/0149206313475815CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia-Gomez, P.; Maug, E. G.; and Obernberger, S.. “Private Equity Buyouts and Employee Health.” European Corporate Governance Institute-Finance Working Paper No. 680 (2020).10.2139/ssrn.3601813CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardarsdottir, H.; Heerdink, E. R.; van Dijk, L.; and Egberts, A. C. G.. “Indications for Antidepressant Drug Prescribing in General Practice in the Netherlands.” Journal of Affective Disorders, 98 (2007), 109115.10.1016/j.jad.2006.07.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giroud, X., and Mueller, H. M.. “Firm Leverage, Consumer Demand, and Employment Losses During the Great Recession.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132 (2017), 271316.10.1093/qje/qjw035CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gopalan, R.; Nanda, V.; and Seru, A.. “Affiliated Firms and Financial Support: Evidence from Indian Business Groups.” Journal of Financial Economics, 86 (2007), 759795.10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.09.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, F.Unpacking the Misery Multiplier: How Employability Modifies the Impacts of Unemployment and Job Insecurity on Life Satisfaction and Mental Health.” Journal of Health Economics, 30 (2011), 265276.10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.12.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadlock, C. J., and Pierce, J. R.. “New Evidence on Measuring Financial Constraints: Moving Beyond the KZ Index.” Review of Financial Studies, 23 (2010), 19091940.10.1093/rfs/hhq009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoevenagel, R., and Engelen, M.. “Ontslagkosten van Werkgevers in 2012.” Technical Report (2013).Google Scholar
Huber, K.Disentangling the Effects of a Banking Crisis: Evidence from German Firms and Counties.” American Economic Review, 108 (2018), 868898.10.1257/aer.20161534CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalara, N., and Zhang, L.. “The Changing Landscape of Firm Financing in Europe, the United States and Japan (No. 383).” Working Paper. CPB Discussion Papers (2018).Google Scholar
Kaplan, S. N., and Zingales, L.. “Do Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities Provide Useful Measures of Financing Constraints?Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 (1997), 169215.10.1162/003355397555163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, K. S.; Karkowski, L. M.; and Prescott, C. A.. “Causal Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and the Onset of Major Depression.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 156 (1999), 837841.10.1176/ajp.156.6.837CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, T. J., and Von Dem Knesebeck, O.. “Is an Insecure Job Better for Health than Having No Job at All? A Systematic Review of Studies Investigating the Health-Related Risks of both Job Insecurity and Unemployment.” BMC Public Health, 15 (2015), 19.10.1186/s12889-015-2313-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, A.; Lalive, R.; and Zweimüller, J.. “The Public Health Costs of Job Loss.” Journal of Health Economics, 28 (2009), 10991115.10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.09.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamont, O.; Polk, C.; and Saá-Requejo, J.. “Financial Constraints and Stock Returns.” Review of Financial Studies, 14 (2001), 529554.10.1093/rfs/14.2.529CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, H.; Ketcham, J. D.; Rosenquist, J. N.; and Simon, K. I.. “Financial Distress and Use of Mental Health Care: Evidence from Antidepressant Prescription Claims.” Economics Letters, 121 (2013), 449453.10.1016/j.econlet.2013.09.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malhi, G. S., and Mann, J. J.. “Depression.” Lancet, 392 (2018), 22992312.10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31948-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcus, J.The Effect of Unemployment on the Mental Health of Spouses - Evidence from Plant Closures in Germany.” Journal of Health Economics, 32 (2013), 546558.10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.02.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McInerney, M.; Mellor, J. M.; and Nicholas, L. H.. “Recession Depression: Mental Health Effects of the 2008 Stock Market Crash.” Journal of Health Economics, 32 (2013), 10901104.10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, S. C.Determinants of Corporate Borrowing.” Journal of Financial Economics, 5 (1977), 147175.10.1016/0304-405X(77)90015-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuijen, J.; Emmen, M.; Smit, D.; Stirbu-Wagner, I.; Veerbeek, M.; and Verhaak, P.. “GGZ in de eerste lijn: de rol van de huisarts en de eerstelijnspsycholoog.” Trimbos Instituut. Technical Report (2012).Google Scholar
Ouimet, P., and Simintzi, E.. “Wages and Firm Performance: Evidence from the 2008 Financial Crisis.” Review of Corporate Finance Studies, 10 (2021), 273305.10.1093/rcfs/cfaa019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, K. I., and Moser, K.. “Unemployment Impairs Mental Health: Meta-Analyses.” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74 (2009), 264282.10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piek, E.; van der Meer, K.; Hoogendijk, W. J. G.; Penninx, B. W. J. H.; and Nolen, W. A.. “Most Antidepressant Use in Primary Care is Justified; Results of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety.” PLOS One 6 (2011), 18.10.1371/journal.pone.0014784CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popov, A.Credit Constraints and Investment in Human Capital: Training Evidence from Transition Economies.” Journal of Financial Intermediation, 23 (2014), 76100.10.1016/j.jfi.2013.11.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, A., and Rocholl, J.. “Do Credit Shocks Affect Labor Demand? Evidence for Employment and Wages During the Financial Crisis.” Journal of Financial Intermediation, 36 (2018), 1627.10.1016/j.jfi.2016.10.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reichert, A. R., and Tauchmann, H.. “The Causal Impact of Fear of Unemployment on Psychological Health.” Unpublished Working Paper, Ruhr Economic Papers (2011).10.2139/ssrn.1880938CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salm, M.Does Job Loss Cause Ill Health?” Health Economics, 18 (2009), 10751089.10.1002/hec.1537CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaller, J., and Stevens, A. H.. “Short-Run Effects of Job Loss on Health Conditions, Health Insurance, and Health Care Utilization.” Journal of Health Economics, 43 (2015), 190203.10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.07.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, G. E.; Stewart, C.; Beck, A.; Ahmedani, B.; Coleman, K. J.; Whitebird, R.; Lynch, F.; Owen-Smith, A. A.; Waitzfelder, B.; Soumerai, S. B.; and Hunkeler, E. M.. “National Prevalence of Receipt of Antidepressant Prescriptions by Persons Without a Psychiatric Diagnosis.” Psychiatric Services, 65 (2014), 944946.10.1176/appi.ps.201300371CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonnenberg, C. M.; Biennali, E. J. M.; Deeg, D. J. H.; Comijs, H. C.; Van Tilburg, W.; and Beekman, A. T. F.. “Ten-Year Trends in Benzodiazepine Use in the Dutch Population.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47 (2012), 293301.10.1007/s00127-011-0344-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stohs, M. H., and Mauer, D. C.. “The Determinants of Corporate Debt Maturity Structure.” Journal of Business, 69 (1996), 279312.10.1086/209692CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tefft, N.Insights on Unemployment, Unemployment Insurance, and Mental Health.” Journal of Health Economics, 30 (2011), 258264.10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.01.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teo, A. R.; Choi, H.; and Valenstein, M.. “Social Relationships and Depression: Ten-Year Follow-Up from a Nationally Representative Study.” PLOS One, 8 (2013), e62396.10.1371/journal.pone.0062396CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tijdens, K.; van Klaveren, M.; Bispinck, R.; Dribbusch, H., and Öz, F.. “Wage and Workforce Adjustments in the Economic Crisis in Germany and the Netherlands.” European Journal of Industrial Relations, 20 (2014), 165183.10.1177/0959680113516181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Berge, W.; Erken, H.; de Graaf-Zijl, M.; and van Loon, E.. “The Dutch Labour Market During the Great Recession.” CPB Background Document (2014).Google Scholar
Van der Veer, K. J. M., and Hoeberichts, M. M.. “The Level Effect of Bank Lending Standards on Business Lending.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 66 (2016), 7988.10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.01.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Marwijk, H. W. J.; Bijl, D.; Adèr, H. J.; and De Haan, M.. “Antidepressant Prescription for Depression in General Practice in the Netherlands.” Pharmacy World and Science, 23 (2001), 4649.10.1023/A:1011294305606CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whited, T. M., and Wu, G.. “Financial Constraints Risk.” Review of Financial Studies, 19 (2006), 531559.10.1093/rfs/hhj012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witte, H. De. “Job Insecurity and Psychological Well-Being: Review of the Literature and Exploration of Some Unresolved Issues.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8 (1999), 155177.10.1080/135943299398302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Kárpáti and Renneboog supplementary material

Online Appendix

Download Kárpáti and Renneboog supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 147.4 KB