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What would a Bronze-Age world system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in later prehistory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Andrew Sherratt
Andrew Sherratt*
Affiliation:
Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2PH
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Abstract

This paper examines differences in the nature of inter-regional relations in the Neolithic, Bronze Age, and early Iron Ages, in an attempt to define the specific characteristics of Bronze-Age world systems. It distinguishes between the slow spread of innovations and the active intervention of trade networks related to the expansion of urbanism. The former dominate in the Neolithic, and similar phenomena continue to occur in later periods. Following a suggestion by Jane Schneider, a distinction is drawn between a core area of urban consumers, a periphery that is actively altered by its role as a supplier of raw materials to the core, and an outer margin that is indirectly affected through the spread of innovations. For most of prehistory, temperate Europe acted as a margin to a Near Eastern/Mediterranean core-periphery system. The formation of long-distance routes linking northern and southern Europe (successive axial routes along the Danube and Black Sea, and from Italy to Scandinavia) was critically affected by the spread of urban-eentred trading systems along the Mediterranean. The ‘amber route’ was an important precursor of the structures underlying the later development of European polities.

Diese Arbeit untersucht Verschiedenheiten in der Art interregionaler Beziehungen in der Jungsteinzeit, der Bronzezeit und der frühen Eisenzeit, um versuchsweise die spezifischen Weltsystemmerkmale der Bronzezeit zu definieren. Sie differenziert zwischen der langsamen Ausbreitung von Innovationen und der aktiven Intervention von Handelszentren im Zusammenhang mit der Expansion von Urbanismus. Das erstgenannte Phänomen dominiert in der Jungsteinzeit, und ähnliche treten weiterhin in späteren Perioden auf. Leistet man einem Vorschlag von Jane Schneider Folge, so ist zu unterscheiden zwischen einem Kernraum städtischer Konsumenten, zwischen einer Peripherie, die durch ihre Rolle als Rohstofflieferant für den Kernraum aktiv verändert wird sowie zwischen einem äußeren Randgebiet, das indirekt beeinflußt wird durch die Ausbreitung von Innovationen. In der Urgeschichte fungierte Europa mit seinem gemößigten Klima größtenteils als Rand hinsichtlich des Kernraum-Peripheriesystems im Nahen Osten, bzw. dem Mittelmeergebiet. Auf die Entstehung von Routen, die über weite Distanzen hinweg Nord- und Südeuropa miteinander verbanden (und auf hieraus späterer Routen, die eine Achse zueinander bildeten, entlang der Donau und dem Schwarzen Meer sowie von ltalien nach Skandinavien), wirkte sich die Ausbreitung von Handelssystemen, die von städtischen Orten beherrscht wurden, negativ aus. Die ‘Bernsteinroute’ war ein wichtiger Wegbereiter für jene Strukturen, welche der späteren Entwicklung europäischen Gemeinwesens zugrunde liegen.

Cette étude examine les différents types de relations inter-régionales au Néolithique, à l'Age du Bronze et au début de l'Age du Fer, afin d’ essayer de définir les caractéristiques propres aux systèmes mondiales de l'Age du Bronze. La distinction est faite entre la lente propagation des innovations et l'intervention active des résaux commerciaux liés au développement de l'urbanisme. La lente propagation domine au Néolithique et on retrouve des phénomènes similaires dans des périodes plus tardives. Selon une suggestion de Jane Schneider, on doit différencier le noyau avec ses consommateurs urbains, une périphérie qui est activement transforme par son rôle de foumisseur de matières bruts à la région central et les régions en marge qui sont indirectement touchées par la propagation des innovations. Durant la plus grande partie de la préhistoire, l'Europe tempérée a joué le rôle de la marge face au système centre-périphérie du Proche-Orient et de la Méditerranée. La mise en place de longues routes reliant le nord et le sud de l'Europe (et une serie de routes autour d'axes importants le long du Danube et de la Mer Noire, de l'Italie à la Scandinavie) a été sérieusement touchée par le développement, le long de la Méditerranée, des systèmes de commerce centrés sur la ville. La'amber route’ fut un précurseur important des structures à la base du développement des Européennes communautés politiques.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of European Archaeology , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , Autumn 1993 , pp. 1 - 58
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 

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