Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T16:20:53.490Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Alternative prehistory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Victor A. Shnirelman
Victor A. Shnirelman*
Affiliation:
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Get access

Extract

Forty years ago, Fritz Saxl (1957:73) pointed out that ‘we cannot fully understand our own times unless we pay heed to its unscientific tendencies.’ The Russian historian Bitsilli (1928:351-52) demonstrated that the birth of a nation is always accompanied by some sort of mythology. The idea became especially useful recently with the current development of ethnonationalism, combined with a shift of the international community's sympathy with groups' rights, resulting in an unexpected phenomenon which I call an ‘alternative prehistory’. This alternative prehistory is an explicitly ethnocentric vision of the past, namely, a glorification of the great ancestors of the given people, who are treated as if they made the most valuable contribution to the culture of all humanity. This obviously odd vision of the past flourishes especially at crucial moments of ethnic history: (1) when forceful assimilation and acculturation endanger an ethnic group with cultural and language losses, (2) when particular minorities are fighting against racial discrimination or its consequences, (3) when the people struggle for political liberation, (4) when new states are being built from the ruins of a fonner empire, (5) when a fonner imperial people suffers political, social, and other losses because of unfavourable changes in its status, (6) when two peoples claim rights over the same territory which they have inhabited for years, (7) when a new ethnic group is formed in a given territory out of newcomers of various ethnic origins, and (8) when a formerly united people finds itself under conditions of a diaspora. In all these cases, the myth of the past is aimed at inspiring self-esteem in order to withstand hardship and to mobilise people for decisive social and political action. At the same time, as Wailes and Zoll (1995:24-25) point out quite reasonably, the myth of the past results in an explicit or implicit discourse about who has civilised whom which tends towards the construction of a hierarchy of groups headed by one of them as an ‘elder brother’ (Shnirelman 1996b:60). That is not just an intellectual game since quite often there are real political, social, and economic interests at stake. lbis paper is a result of my comparative studies made during the last few years dealing with contemporary ethno-nationalist myths of the past based on the idea of ethnogenesis. In other words I have tried to investigate how contemporary ethno-nationalists manipulate materials (true, fictitious, or even consciously falsified) on the origins of peoples, how they invent ancestors and their glorious deeds, and why they do it. My analysis is based mainly on data from the former USSR and contemporary Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), but information from some other countries was also considered (Shnirelman 1993a; 1993c; 1994b; 1995b; 1995c; 1995d; 1996a; 1996b; 1996c; in press a and bi Shnirelman and Komarova 1995). Here, I shall discuss the general features of this sort of mythology and its consequences. A problem is that, in order to make its claims for political rights and ambitions much stronger, a group has to demonstrate the deep roots of its culture, the distinctiveness of its language, and all its outstanding cultural achievements. Keeping these ends in mind, the cultural activists occupy themselves with what Eric Hobsbawm (1983) called ‘an invention of traditions’ (see also Gellner 1983; Anderson 1991). But the main strategy nowadays is the use and abuse of history and, in many cases, prehistory or proto-history.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of European Archaeology , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , Autumn 1995 , pp. 1 - 20
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adji, M. 1994. Polyn' polovetskogo polia. Moscow: Pik-Kontekst.Google Scholar
Aivazian, S. M., 1967. K nekotorym voprosam istorii i metallurgii drevneishei Armenii. Erevan, Moscow: VINITI.Google Scholar
Akhinzhanov, M. B., 1971. Proiskhozhdenie i formirovanie kazakhskogo naroda. Alma-Ata: Kazakhskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet.Google Scholar
Alexeev, V. P., 1986. Etnogenez. Moscow: Vysshaia shkola.Google Scholar
Alexeev, V. P., 1989. Istoricheskaia antropologiia i etnogenez. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Alexeev, V. P. and Gokhman, I. I., 1984. Antropologiia aziatskoi chasti SSSR. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Aliev, I., 1986. Neskol'ko slov o skifo-sakskoi probleme. Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Azebaijanskoi SSR. Istoriia, filosofiia, pravo 1: 127–138.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict, 1991. Imagined Communities. Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Anikovich, M. V., 1996. Paleoliticheskaia Mekka. Znanie – Sila 1: 60–70.Google Scholar
Anon., 1984. Who is Spiritual Teacher Lev Sylenko. Spring Glen, N.Y.: The Ukrainian Native Faith.Google Scholar
Anthony, David, 1995. Nazi and eco-feminist prehistories: ideology and empiricism in Indo-European archaeology. In Kohl, P. L. and Fawcett, C. (eds), Nationalism Politics and the Practice of Archaeology: 82–96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ardzinba, V. G., 1983. Posleslovie: o nekotorykh novykh rezul'tatakh v issledovanii istorii, yazykov i kul'tury Drevnei Anatolii. In Makkuin, D. G., Khetty i ikh sovremenniki v Maloi Azii. Moskva: Nauka.Google Scholar
Arutiunov, S. A. and Khazanov, A. M., 1979a. Problema arkheologicheskikh kriteriev etnicheskoi spetsifiki. Sovietskaia etnografiia 6: 79–89.Google Scholar
Arutiunov, S. A. and Khazanov, A. M. 1979b. Arkheologicheskiie kul'tury i khoziaistvenno-kul'turnye tipy: problema sootnosheniia. In Bromlei, Yu. V. (ed.), Problemy tipologii v etnografii: 140–147. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Astourian, Stephan H., 1994. In search of their forefathers: national identity and the historiography and politics of Armenian and Azerbaijani ethnogeneses. In Schwarte, D. V. and Panossian, R. (eds), Nationalism and History. The politics of nation building in post-Soviet Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia: 41–94. Toronto: Center for Russian and East European Studies, University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Bezverkhii, V. N., 1993. Filosofiia istorii. Volkhv 1 (7): 3–102.Google Scholar
Bitsilli, P., 1928. Natsiia i narod. Suvremennyie Zapiski 37: 342–355.Google Scholar
Boas, Franz, 1928. Anthropology and Modern Life. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.Google Scholar
Bongard-Levin, G. M. and Grantovskii, E. A., 1983. Ot Skifii do Indii. Moscow: Mysl'.Google Scholar
Chichinadze, Z., 1993. Istoriia Osetii po gruzinskim istochnikam. Tskhinval: Nauchnyi otdel kul'turnogo tsentra AMN.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon, 1950. The urban revolution. Town Planning Review 21: 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chmykhov, M., 1990. Istoki yazychestva Rusi. Kiev: Lybid'.Google Scholar
Chmikhov, M., 1992. Visim tysiacholit' arkheologichnoi kosmologii v Ukraini. In Dovgich, V. (ed.), Kosmos drevn'oi Ukrainy: 66–99 Kyiv: Indo-Yevropa.Google Scholar
Cole, John R., 1980. Cult archaeology and unscientific method and theory. In Schiffer, M. B. (ed.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 3: 1–33. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Conte, Edouard and Essner, Cornelia, 1995. La quěte de la race. Une anthropologie du Nazisme. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Danilevskij, N. Ya., 1871. Rossija i Yevropa. St.-Petersburg: Obshchestvennaia Pol'za.Google Scholar
Dolukhanov, Pavel M., 1994. Environment and Ethnicity in the Ancient Middle East. Avebury: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Dudwick, Nora, 1990. The case of the Caucasian Albanian:: ethnohistory and ethnic politics. Cahiers du Monde russe et sovietique 31 (2–3): 377–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egorov, G. P., 1993. Voskresenie Shumerov. Cheboksary: Atal.Google Scholar
Emel'ianov, V., 1979. Desionizatsija. Paris: Société d'Editions Parisienne Associées.Google Scholar
Fowler, Don D., 1987. Uses of the past: archaeology in the service of the state. American Antiquity 52 (2): 229–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaglojty, R. Kh., 1994. Sarmato-alany v Juzhnoj Osetii. In Magometov, A. A. (ed.), Tezisy dokladov na mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferentsii po osetinuvedeniju, posviashchennoj 200–letiju so dnia rozhdenija A. M. Shegrena: 59–61. Vladikavkaz: Izdatel'stvo SOGU.Google Scholar
Geibullaiev, G. A., 1991. K etnogenezu Azerbaijantsev. Baku: Elm.Google Scholar
Gelb, I. J., 1963. A Study of Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest, 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest, 1987. Culture, Identity, and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gening, V. F,. 1983. Proiskhozhdeniie i drevneishie etapy razvitiia indoevropeiskoi i ural'skoi etnicheskikh obshchnostei. In Vladykin, V. E. (ed.), Etnicheskie protsessy na Urale i v Sibiri v pervobytnuiu epokhu: 7–20. Izhevsk Ministerstvo vysshego i srednego obrazovaniia RSFSR.Google Scholar
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicolas, 1985. The Occult Roots of Nazism. Secret Aryan cults and their influence on Nazi ideology. The ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Grinevich, G. S., 1993. Praslavianskaja pis'mennost': rezul'taty deshifrovki, vol. 1. Moskva: Obshchestvennaja pol'za.Google Scholar
Gumilev, L. N., 1989. Drevn'aja Rus' i Velikaja Step'. Moscow: Mysl'.Google Scholar
Gusev, O. M., 1993. Russkaia ideia. Rodnyie prostory 3: 10–14.Google Scholar
Hadingham, Evan, 1994. The mummies of Xinjiang. Discover (April): 68–77.Google Scholar
Hermand, Jost, 1992. Old Dreams of a New Reich: Volkish Utopias and National Socialism. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric, 1983. Introduction: inventing traditions. In Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T. (eds), The Invention of Tradition: 1–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ishkhanian, R. A., 1979. New discoveries in the historical linguistics and issues of the Armenian origins and early history. Vestnik Yerevanskogo Universiteta 2: 85–111 (in Armenian).Google Scholar
Ishkhanian, R. A., 1980. Drevneishie aborigeny. Kommunist (Yerevan), February 16 (n. 40):4.Google Scholar
Kadyrajyev, K. S., 1992. Zagadki kumykskoi i tiurkskoi istorii ot Egeiskogo do Kaspiiskogo morei. Makhachkala.Google Scholar
Kamenetskii, I. S., 1970. Arkheologicheskaia kul'tura – ee opredeleniie i interpretatsiia. Sovietskaia Arkheologiia 2: 18–36.Google Scholar
Khamitsev, V. L. and Balaev, A. Ch., 1992. David Soslan, Fridrikh Barbarossa … Alaniia ot Palestiny do Britanii. Vladikavkaz: Arian.Google Scholar
Kifishin, A., 1977. Vetvi odnogo dereva. In Sukhanov, V. (ed.), Tainy vekov. Kniga 1: 179–182. Moscow: Molodaia Gvardiia.Google Scholar
Klein, Leo S., 1970. Problema opredeleniia arkheologicheskoi kul'tury. Sovietskaia Arkheologiia 2: 37–51.Google Scholar
Klein, Leo S. 1991. Arkheologicheskaia tipologiia. Leningrad: AN SSSR.Google Scholar
Kliashtornyi, S. G., and Sultanov, T. I., 1992. Kazakhstan. Letopis' triokh tysiacheletii. Alma-Ata: Rauan.Google Scholar
Kohl, Philip L. and Tsetskhladze, Gocha R., 1995. Nationalism, politics and the practice of archaeology in the Caucasus. In Kohl, P. L. and Fawcett, C. (eds), Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology: 149–174. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kontseptsiia, 1995. Kontseptsiia stanovleniia istoricheskogo soznaniia v Respublike Kazakhstan. Almaty: Kazakhstan.Google Scholar
Kovalevskaia, V. B., 1995. Arkheologicheskaia kul'tura - praktika, teoriia, komp'iutor. Moscow: Fond Arkheologii.Google Scholar
Kozybaev, M. K., (ed.), 1993. Istoriia Kazakhstan s drevneishykh vremen do nashikh dnei. Almaty: Dauir.Google Scholar
Vira, Maha, 1979. Maha Vira. Spring Glen, NY: The Ukrainian Native Faith.Google Scholar
Masson, V. M., 1989. Pervyie tsivilizatsii. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Mikeladze, T. K., 1974. Issledovaniia po istorii drevneishego naseleniia Kolkhidy i iugovostochnogo Prichernomoriia. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.Google Scholar
Militarev, A. Yu., Pejros, I. I., and Shnirelman, V. A., 1988. Metodicheslkiie problemy linguoarcheologicheskikh rekonstruktsii etnogeneza. Sovietskaia etnografiia 4: 24–38.Google Scholar
Miziev, I. M., 1986. Shagi k istokam etnicheskoi istorii Tsentral'nogo Kavkaza. Nal'chik: El'brus.Google Scholar
Mongait, A. L., 1967. Arkheologicheskaia kul'tura i etnicheskie obshchnosti (k voprosu o metodike istoriko-arkheologicheskikh issledovanii). Narody Azii i Afriki 1: 53–69.Google Scholar
Nisbet, Robert, 1986. Conservatism: Dream and Reality. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Nurutdinov, F. G.-Kh., 1993. Bulgary i mirovaia tzivilizatsiia. In Iman, Bakhshi, Jagfar tarikhy: 324–347. Orenburg: Bulgariia.Google Scholar
Poliakov, Leon, 1974. The Aryan Myth: a history of racist and nationalist ideas in Europe. New York: Basic books.Google Scholar
Poliakov, Leon, 1985. The History of Anti-Semitism, vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rao, S. R., 1973. The Indus script - methodology and language. In Agrawal, D. P. and Ghosh, A. (eds), Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology: 323–340. Bombay: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.Google Scholar
Rao, S. R., 1984. New light on Indus script and language. In Lal, B. B. and Gupta, S. P. (eds), Frontiers of the Indus Civilization: 193–199 New Delhi: Books and books.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. Colin, 1989. Models of change in language and archaeology. Transactions of the Philological Society 87 (2): 103–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenau, Pauline M., 1992. Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rybakov, B. A., 1979. Gerodotova Skifiia. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Rybakov, B. A., 1981a. Jazychestvo drevnikh slavian. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Rybakov, B. A., 1981b. Novaia kontseptsiia predystorii Kievskoi Rusi. Istoriia SSSR 1: 55–75; 2:40–59.Google Scholar
Rybakov, B. A., 1987. Jazychestvo drevnei Rusi. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Safronov, V. A., 1989. Indoevropeiskie prarodiny. Gor'kii: Volgo-Viatskoie Knizhnoie Izdatel'stvo.Google Scholar
Saxl, Fritz, 1957. Lectures, vol. 1. London: Warburg Institute, University of London.Google Scholar
Semennikova, L. I., 1994. Rossiia v mirovom soobshchestve tsivilizatsii. Uchebnoie posobie dlia vuzov. Moscow: Interpraks.Google Scholar
Shilov, Yu. A., 1992. Doskits'ki tsivilizatsii Podniprov'ia. In Dovgich, V. (ed.), Kosmos drevn'oj Ukrainy: 109–124. Kyiv: Indo-Yevropa.Google Scholar
Shilov, Yu. A., 1995. Prarodina ariitsev. Kiev: SINTO.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1982a. Protoetnos okhotnikov i sobiratelei (po avstraliiskim dannym). In Bromlei, Yu. V. (ed.), Etnos v doklassovom i ranneklassovom obshchestve: 83–109. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1982b. Spetsifika etnicheskoi struktury u okhotnikov, sobiratelei i rybolovov. Rasy i narody 12: 42–69.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1989. Vozniknovenie proizvodiashchego khoziaistva. Moscow Nauka.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1993a. Archaeology and ethnopolitics: why Soviet archaeologists were so involved in ethnogenetic studies. In Killebrew, Ann (ed.), Interpreting the Past: presenting archaeological sites to the public: 57. University of Haifa Publications.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1993b. Arkheologicheskaia kul'tura i sotsial'naia real'nost' Problema interpretatsii keramicheskihk arealov. Yekaterinburg: Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1993c. Nauka ob etnogeneze i etnopolitika. In Ivanov, V. V. and Puzanov, V. V. (eds), Istoricheskoie poznanie: traditsii i novatsii: 3–6. Izhevsk-Udmurt University.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1994a. Linguoarchaeology: goals, advances and limits A paper presented to the World Archaeological Congress 3, New Delhi, 4–11 December 1994.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1994b. Mify diaspory. In Diatlov, D. I. (ed.), Diaspory v istoricheskom vremeni i prostranstve. Natsional'naia situatsiia v Vostochnoi Sibiri: 32–33. Irkutsk.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1995a. The Eurasian concept of culture: N. S. Trubetskoj and L. P. Karsavin. A paper presented at the International Conference ‘The Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian emigration in Czechoslovakia between the two world wars’. The Slavic Library, Prague, 14–15 August 1995.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1995b. From internationalism to nationalism: forgotten pages of Soviet archaeology in the 1930's and 1940's. In Kohl, P. and Fawcett, C. (eds), Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology: 120–138. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1995c. Natsionalisticheskii mif: obshchie cherty. Slavianovedenie 6: 3–13.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1995d. The past as a strategy for ethnic confrontation –Georgia. hCa Quarterly 14: 20–22.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1996a. Russkoie neoiazychestvo i antisemitizm. A paper presented at the Third Annual Conference held by the ‘Sefer’ Moscow Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization, Moscow, 6–8 February 1996.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1996b. Who Gets the Past? Competition for ancestors among non-Russian intellectuals in Russia. Washington, D.C. and Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., 1996c. The faces of nationalist archaeology in Russia. In Diaz-Andreu, M. and Champion, T. C. (eds), Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe: 218–242. Los Angeles: UCLA Press.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., in press a. A fighting for the Volga Bulgars' legacy: ethnic nationalism and ethnocentric mythologies among the peoples of the Middle Volga River valley.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A., in press b. Ethnogenesis as ethnopolitics, or why the Soviets were so much involved in ethnogenetic studies. Cesky Lid.Google Scholar
Shnirelman, Victor A. and Komarova, G. A., 1995. Majority as a minority: the Russian ethno-nationalism and its ideology in the 1970–1990s. Unpublished paper given at COST-A2 – Workshop ‘Nationalism and Ethnicity’, Programme/Abstracts/Addresses, Institut für Ethnologie, Universität Bern, Berne, Switzelland, 2–4 March 1995.Google Scholar
Smirnov, A. P. and Kornilov, G. Ye., 1971. Retsenziia: Voprosy etnogeneza turkoya-zychnykh narodov Srednego Povolzhiia. Kazan', 1971 In Istoriia i kul'tura Chuvashskoi ASSR, vol. 1: 481–517. Cheboksary: NII pri Sovete Ministrov Chuvashskoi ASSR.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D., 1984. National identity and myths of ethnic descent. Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change 7: 95–130.Google Scholar
Spengler, Oswald, 1921–1922. Der Untergang des Abendlandes, vols 1–2. München: Beck.Google Scholar
Talageri, Shrikant G., 1993. The Aryan Invasion Theory. A Reappraisal New Delhi-Aditya Prakashan.Google Scholar
Tekhov, B. V., 1977. Tsentral'nyi Kavkaz v 16–10 vv. do n.e. Moskva: Nauka.Google Scholar
Tekhov, B. V., 1994. Koban i Gal'shtat (konets II – nachalo I tys. do n.e.). In Magometov, A. A. (ed.), Tezisy dokladov na mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferentsii po osetinovedeniju, posviashchennoj 200-letiju so dnia rozhdenija A. M. Shegrena: 62–66 Vladikavkaz: Izdatel'stvo SOGU.Google Scholar
Toporov, V. N., 1988. K rekonstruktsii drevneyshego sostoyaniya praslavianskogo In Tolstoy, N. I. (ed.), Slavianskoye yazykoznaniye: 264–292. Moskva Nauka.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G., 1989. A History of Archaeological Though. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tsvinaria, I. I., 1990. Vzaimootnosheniia kul'tur eneolita i rannei bronzy Zapadnogo Kavkaza. Sukhumi: Alashara.Google Scholar
Usmanova, M. G., 1993. Saki na Urale. In Kuzeev, R. G. (ed.), Rossiia i Vostok: problemy vzaimodeistviia: 215–218. Ufa: Ufimskii Nauchnyi Tsentr Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Akademiia Nauk Respubliki Bashkortostan.Google Scholar
Vaneev, Z. N., 1989. Izbrannyie raboty po istorii osetinskogo naroda, vol. 1. Tskhinval: Iryston.Google Scholar
Wailes, Bernard and Zoll, Amy L., 1995. Civilization, barbarism, and nationalism in European archaeology. In Kohl, P. and Fawcett, C. (eds), Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology: 21–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weisbord, Robert G. and Kazarian, Richard, 1985. Israel in the Black American perspective. Westport: Greenwood press.Google Scholar
Yugov, A. K., 1975. Dumy o russkom slove. Moskva: Sovremennik.Google Scholar
Yusifov, Yu. B., 1988. Kimmery, Skify i Saki v Drevnem Azerbaijane. In Georgadze, G. G. (ed.), Kavkazsko-Blizhnevostochnyii sbornik 8: 181–192. Tbilisi: Metsniiereba.Google Scholar
Znoiko, O. P., 1989. Mify kyivs'koi zemli ta podii starodavni. Kyiv: Molod'.Google Scholar