Neil Cummins is Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367. E-mail: [email protected]. This dissertation was completed at the Department of Economic History, London School of Economics under the supervision of Max-Stephan Schulze and Rebecca Sear. The author is grateful to George Alter, Dudley Baines, Pierre-Cyrille Hautcur, Gilles Postel-Vinay, Greg Clark, Max-Stephan Schulze, Rebecca Sear, Cormac O'Grada and Eddie Hunt for advice and suggestions. The author acknowledges financial support from the European Commission through a Marie Curie Fellowship, funded through a Stephen Broadberry and Kevin O'Rourke led Research Training Network entitled “Unifying the European Experience: Historical Lessons of Pan-European Development” (Project #:512439).