Thanks to John McNees, Albert O. Hirschman, Stanley Engerman, Nathan Rosenberg, David B. Davis, Samuel Bowles, Steve Marglin.

¹ Genovese, Eugene, The Political Economy of Slavery (New York: Vintage, 1965).Google Scholar

² Conrad, Alfred and Meyer, John, “The Economics of Slavery in the Ante Bellum South,” Journal of Political Economy, LXVI (April 1958).Google Scholar See also Engerman, Stanley and Fogel, Robert, The Reinterpretation of American Economic History (New York: Harper and Row, 1971)Google Scholar, and Time on the Cross: the Economics of American Negro Slavery (forthcoming).

³ Genovese, Political, p. 3.

⁴ Fogel and Engerman, Time.

⁵ Engerman, Stanley, “Some Considerations Relating to Property Rights in Man,” Journal Of Economic History, XXXIII (March 1973).Google Scholar

⁶ Genovese, Political, p. 4.

⁷ Genovese, Eugene, The World the Slaveholders Made (New York: Pantheon, 1969), p. 3Google Scholar; Bell, Daniel, The End of Ideology (New York: Free Press, 1962), p. 231.Google Scholar

⁸ Taylor, Frederick W., Principles of Scientific Management (New York: Norton, 1967), p. 19.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid., pp. 34, 35.

¹⁰ Ibid., p. 26.

¹¹ Ibid., pp. 41, 42.

¹² ibid., p. 59.

¹³ Genovese, World, p. 160.

¹⁴ Ibid., p. 163.

¹⁵ Ibid., p. 167.

¹⁶ Quoted in Fogel and Engerman, Time.

¹⁷ For examples documenting this self-conscious attitude, see Phillips, Ulrich B., American Negro Slavery (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1969), Chapter 14.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Jackson, Luther P., Free Negro Labor and Property Holding in Virginia, 1830–1860 (New York: Atheneum, 1969), pp. 19, 116, emphasis added.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Olmsted, Frederick Law, The Slave States (New York: Capricorn, 1959), p. 116, emphasis added.Google Scholar

²⁰ Taylor, F. W., “The Art of Cutting Metals,” Thompson, C. B., editor, Scientific Management (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941), p. 242.Google Scholar

²¹ Starobin, Robert, Industrial Slavery in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 91.Google Scholar Phillips (American, p. 262), quotes the rules printed for the guidance of one planter's overseers: “Order and System must be the aim of everyone on the plantation, and the maxim strictly pursued of a time for everything and everything done in time, a place for everything and everything kept in its place, a rule for everything and everything done according to rule.”

²² Burn, W. L., Emancipation and Apprenticeship in the British West Indies (London: J. Cave, 1937), p. 41.Google Scholar See also Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, Select Committee of 1842, pp. 483, 366.

²³ Genovese (Political) argues that slave systems are inferior to free systems with respect to technological development. He follows Marx who wrote: “… it is a universal principle in the production by slave labor that none but the rudest implements be used, such tools as are difficult to damage owing to their sheer clumsiness.” Capital, I (New York: Modern Library, 1968), p. 191.Google Scholar

²⁴ British Colonial Office, 7/42. Quoted in Douglas Hall, Five of the Leewards (forthcoming).

²⁵ Taylor, Principles, p. 47. See Phillips, American, p. 273. That slavery is not a sufficient condition for the rejection of the plow is shown by the fact that Louisiana planters used it extensively.

²⁶ Taylor, Principles, concluding chapter.

²⁷ Mayo, Elton, The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1953).Google Scholar

²⁸ Phillips, Ulrich B., Life and Labor in the Old South (Boston: Little Brown, 1963), p. 200.Google Scholar See also Phillips, American, p. 268 for further examples.

²⁹ Zeitlin, Lawrence R., “Stimulus/Response: A Little Larceny Can Do a Lot for Employee Morale,” Psychology Today, V (June 1971).Google Scholar

³⁰ Cumper, G. E., “A Modern Jamaica Sugar Estate,” Social and Economic Studies, III (September 1954).Google Scholar See also Patterson, Orlando, Sociology of Slavery (London: MacGibbon & Lee, 1967).Google Scholar

³¹ Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), p. 554.Google Scholar

³² Quoted in Genovese, World, p. 162.

³³ Phillips (American, pp. 270–274, 276, 272) transcribes the advice of planters to overseers on this count: “Punishment must never be cruel or abusive … any man who [whips a negro from mere passion and malice] is utterly unfit to have control of negroes; and if ever any of my negroes are cruelly or inhumanely treated [sic!], bruised, maimed or otherwise injured, the overseer will be promptly discharged.” Or: “The Negroes must be made to obey and to work with very little whipping.” Or: “The best evidence of the good management of slaves is the keeping of good discipline with little or no punishment.”

³⁴ Eisner, Gisla, Jamaica: 1830–1950 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967), p. 361.Google Scholar

³⁵ Dubois, W. E. B., Black Reconstruction in America (New York: Atheneum, 1969), p. 12.Google Scholar

³⁶ Lidell Papers, 1841; Sterling Papers, 1828. Department of Archives, Louisiana State University.

³⁷ Pugh Plantation Diary, February 24, 1861. Department of Archives, Louisiana State University.

³⁸ Ibid., through November, 1862.

³⁹ See Gideon, Siegfried, Mechanization Takes Command (New York: Norton, 1969).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Thompson, Scientific, p. 242.