Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-l4dxg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-09T22:12:27.376Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Economic Integration and Convergence: U.S. Regions, 1840–1987

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

Sukkoo Kim
Sukkoo Kim
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Washington University, Campus Box 1208. St. Louis, MO 63130–4899, and Faculty Research Fellow, NBER.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Between the nineteenth and twentieth centureis, the regions of the United States went from a set of relatively isolated regional economies to an integrated national economy. Economic integration, as we as long-run secular changes in the economic structure associated with economic growth, played an important role in determining U.S. regional industrial structures. Moreover, although differences in regional industrial structures do not explain all the variations in regional income per capita, they played an important role in causing U.S. regional incomes to diverge and converge between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Economic History , Volume 58 , Issue 3 , September 1998 , pp. 659 - 683
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Baker, Oliver. “Agricultural Regions of North America.” Economic Geography 2, no. 3 (1926): 460–93; vol. 3, no. 1 (1927): 50–86; vol. 3, no. 3 (1927): 309–39; vol. 3, no. 4 (1927): 445–65; vol.4, no. 1 (1928): 44–73; vol. 4, no. 4 (1928): 399–433; vol. 5, no. 1 (1929): 36–69; vol.6, no. 2 (1930): 166–91; vol. 6, no. 3 (1930): 278–309; vol. 6, no. 2 (1931): 109–53; vol. 6, no. 4 (1931): 326–64; and vol.7, no. 4 (1932): 326–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barro, Robert, and Xavier, Sala-i-Martin. “Convergence across States and Regions.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, no. 1, (1991): 107–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barro, Robert, and Xavier, Sala-i-Martin. “Convergence.” Journal of Political Economy 100, no. 2 (1992): 223–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadberry, S. N. “How Did the United States and Germany Overtake Britain? A Sectoral Analysis of Comparative Productivity Levels, 1870–1990.” (1997) Mimeo.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calomiris, Charles, and Ramiriz, Carlos. “Financing the American Corporation.” NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long Run Growth, #79 (1996).Google Scholar
Carlino, Gerald, and Mills, Leonard. “Are U.S. Regional Incomes Converging? A Time Series Analysis.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, no. 3 (1993): 335–46.Google Scholar
Davis, Lance. “The Investment Market, 1870–1914: The Emergence of a National Market.” this JOURNAL 26 25, no. 2 (1965): 355–93.Google Scholar
Dollar, David, and Wolff, Edward. Competitiveness, Convergence, and International Specialization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Easterlin, Richard. “Interregional Differences in Per Capita Income, Population, and Total Income, 1840–1950.” In Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Parker, William, 73–140. NBER Research, New York: Princeton University Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Easterlin, Richard. “Regional Income Trends, 1840–1950.” In American Economic History, edited by Harris, Seymour, 525–47. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1961.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert. Without Consent or Contract. New York: WW. Norton, 1989.Google Scholar
Fogel, Robert, and Engerman, Stanley. “Notes on the Explanation of the Growth of Southern per Capita Income, 1840–1860.” In Without Consent or Contract: Evidence and Meth-ods, edited by Ralph, Robert Fogel Galantine, and Manning, Richard. 278–82. New York: W.W. Norton, 1988.Google Scholar
Garnick, D., and Friedenberg, H.. “Accounting for Regional Differences in Per Capita Personal Income Growth, 1929–79.” Survey of Current Business 62, no. 9 (1982): 24–34.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia, and Lewis, Frank. “The Economic Cost of the American Civil War.” this JOURNAL 35, no. 2 (1975): 299–326.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia, and Sokoloff, Kenneth. “The Relative Productivity Hypothesis of Industrialization: The American Case, 1820 to 1850.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 99, no. 3 (1984): 461–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanna, Frank. “Contribution of Manufacturing Wages to Regional Differences in Per Capita Income.” Review of Economics and Statistics 33, no. 1 (1951): 18–28.Google Scholar
Hanna, Frank. State Income Differentials 1919–1954. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1959.Google Scholar
Haystead, Ladd, and Fite, Gilbert. The Agricultural Regions of the United States. Norman:University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.Google Scholar
Heckscher, Eli. Mercantilism. New York: MacMillan Co., 1955.Google Scholar
Hughes, Jonathan, and Cain, Louis. American Economic History. New York: Addison Wesley, 1998.Google Scholar
Kim, Sukkoo. Expansion of Markets and the Geographic Distribution of Economic Activities: The Trends in U.S. Regional Manufacturing Structure, 1860–1987. Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 1993.Google Scholar
Kim, Sukkoo.“Expansion of Markets and the Geographic Distribution of Economic Activities:The Trends in U.S. Regional Manufacturing Structure, 1860–1987.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, no. 4 (1995): 883–908.Google Scholar
Kim, Sukkoo. “Regions, Resources, and Economic Geography: The Sources of U.S. Regional Comparative Advantage, 1880–1987,” Regional Science and Urban Economics, forthcoming. Also available as NBER Working Paper #6322 (1997).Google Scholar
Kim, Sukkoo.“Economic Integration and Convergence: U.S. Regions, 1840–1987.” NBER Working Paper #6335 (1997).Google Scholar
Kim, Sukkoo. “Urban Development in the United States, 1790–1990.” (1997) Mimeo.Google Scholar
Krueger, Anne.“Threats to the 21 st-Century Growth: The Challenge of the International Trading System” In The Mosaic of Economic Growth, edited by Landau, R., Taylor, T., and Wright, G., 191–214. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul. Geography and Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Kuznets, Simon. “Quantitative Aspects of the Economic Growth of Nations: II. Industrial Distribution of National Product and Labor Force.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, Supplement to Vol. 5, no.4 (1957): 1–111.Google Scholar
Kuznets, Simon. “Quantitative Aspects of the Economic Growth of Nations: III. Industrial Disthbution of Income and Labor Force by States, United States, 1919–1921 to 1955.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, Supplement to Vol. 6, no. 4, part 2 (1958): 1–128.Google Scholar
Lucas, Robert. “On the Mechanics of Development Planning.” Journal of Monetary Economics 22, no. 1 (1988): 3–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinig, D. W.The Shaping of America. Vol 2. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Meyer, David. “Emergence of the American Manufacturing Belt: An Interpretation.” Journal of Historical Geography 9, no. 2 (1983): 145–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moen, Jon. “Changes in the Productivity of Southern Agriculture between 1860 and 1880.” In Without Consent or Contract, edited by Fogel, Robert and Engerman, Stanley, 320–50. Technical Papers Vol. 1. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992.Google Scholar
Moroney, J.R. The Structure of Production in American Manufacturing. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Niemi, Albert. State and Regional Patterns in American Manufacturing: 1860–1900. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974.Google Scholar
North, Douglass. “Ocean Freight Rates and Economic Development, 1750–1913.” this JOURNAL 18, no. 4 (1958): 537–55.Google Scholar
Perloff, Harvey. “Interrelations of State Income and Industrial Structure.” Review of Economics and Statistics 39, no. 2 (1957): 162–71.Google Scholar
Perloff, Harvey. Dunn, Edgar, Lampard, Eric, and Muth, Richard. Regions, Resources, and Economic Growth. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Ransom, Roger, and Sutch, Richard. One Kind of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Romer, Paul. “Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 94, no. 5 (1986): 1002–37.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Charles, and Graham, Robert. “Personal Income by States, 1929–54.” Survey of Current Business 35, no. 9 (1955): 12–22.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Matthew. “Per Capita Income Convergence and the Role of International Trade.” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings (1997): 194–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solow, Robert. ldquo;A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 70, no. 1 (1956): 65–94.Google Scholar
“State Personal Income, 1986–1988: Revised Estimates.” Survey of Current Business 69, no. 8 (1989): 33–46.Google Scholar
Taylor, Alan, “Convergence and International Factor Flows in Theory and History,” NBER Working Paper #5798, (1996).Google Scholar
Taylor, George. The Transportation Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Agriculture. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Distribution. Washington, DC:GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Governments. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Manufactures. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Population. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Retail Trade. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Wholesale Trade. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Biennial Census of Manufactures: 1927. Washington, DC: GPO, 1930.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. County Business Patterns. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Annual Survey of Manufactures. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Historical Statistics of the United States. Washington, DC: GPO, 1975.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Statistics. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey. “Globalization, Convergence, and History.” this JOURNAL 56, no. 2 (1996): 77–306.Google Scholar
Wright, Gavin. Political Economy of Cotton South. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978.Google Scholar
Wright, Gavin. Old South New South. New York: Basic Books, 1986.Google Scholar
Yang, Donghyu. “Explanations for the Decline in Southern Per Capita Income,1860–1880.” In Without Consent or Contract: Evidence and Methods, edited by Galantine, Robert Fogel Ralph, and Manning, Richard, 273–77. New York: W.W.Norton, 1988.Google Scholar