¹ Woytinsky, W. S. and Woytinsky, E. S., World Commerce and Governments: Trends and Outlook (New York, 1955), pp. 664–65.Google Scholar

² Ministère de l' Economie et des Finances, Service des Archives Economiques et Financières [hereafter SAEF], box 5 A 68, trade tables, 1925–48.Google Scholar

³ Marseile, Jacques, “La politique métropolitaine d'investissements coloniaux dans l'entre-deux guerres,” in Lévy-Leboyer, M., ed., La position internationale de la France (Paris, 1977), pp. 388–89.Google Scholar

⁴ Bank for International Settlements, Fifteenth Annual Report (Basel, 1945), p. 13.Google Scholar

⁵ For various approaches to planning in this period, see Kuisel, Richard F., Capitalism and the State in Modern France (Cambridge, 1981), chaps. 7–8,Google Scholar as well as the essay by Caron, François and Bouvier, Jean in Histoire économique et sociale de la France, vol. IV/3, Années 1950 à nos jours (Paris, 1982), esp. pp. 1101–8.Google ScholarBloch-Lainé, François and Bouvier, Jean, La France restaurée 1944–1954: Dialogue sur les choix d'une modernisation (Paris, 1986), is a valuable detailed account of postwar planning, written in part from an insider's perspective.Google Scholar

⁶ Calculated from Ministère de l' Economie et des Finances, Statistiques et études financières, Supplément rètrospectif, 123 (03 1959), pp. 362–63;Google Scholar and Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques [henceforth INSEE], Annuaire stat istique de Ia France, 1966. Résumé rétrospecrif (Paris, 1966), p. 351, table 3A. The averages for 1945 to 1958 are calculated from percentages given by Jacques Marseille, “Empire colonial et capitalisme français” (Thèse d'état, Université de Paris 1, 1984), vol. 4, pp. 1108–10, 1134–36. This thesis is held in the Sorbonne library and should not be confused with the abridged version published under the same title in 1984. My percentages for individual years work out much the same as Marseille's except for 1946, where there is a significant (and unexplained) discrepancy for the proportion of French imports coming from the colonies: Marseille says it was 13 percent, but I make it to be 20.1 percent.Google Scholar

⁷ INSEE, Les co, nptes de la nation, 1949–1959 (Paris, 1964), pp. 46–47.Google Scholar

⁸ For an analysis of the movement of the trade balance as ft affected the overall balance of payments in these years, see Carré, J.-J., Dubois, P., and Malinvaud, E., French Economic Growth (Stanford, 1975), pp. 370–79;Google Scholar and Baum, Warren C., The French Economy and the State (Princeton, 1958), chap. 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹ See Baum, French Economy and the State, table 12, pp. 82–83,Google Scholar for the figures in dollars; and Ministère de l' Economie et des Finances, Staristiques el études financières, Supplément rétrospectif, 123 (03 1959), pp. 362–63, for the figures in francs. There are discrepancies that go beyond the usual difficulties of currency conversion, and there is an obvious error in the Finance Ministry's figures for 1950.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Calculated from INSEE, Les comptes de la nation, pp. 46–47. values are expressed in constant 1956 francs.

¹¹ Mjlward, Alan S., The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–51 (London, 1984), pp. 19–43, discusses France's problem in a general European context.Google Scholar

¹² Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Direction Générale des Affaires Economiques et Financières, “Les liens economiques entre Ia France et les temtoires d'outre-mer” (mimeograph, Mar. 1954), in SAEF, box B 6694, appendix 19. The only significant exception was the Indochinese piastre, which was subject to special exchange controls.Google Scholar

¹³ Poquin, Jean-Jacques, Les relations économiques exlérieures des pays d' Afrique Noire de l' Union Française, 1925–1955 (Paris 1957), p. 97. Prices are expressed on a CIF basis.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Moussa, Pierre, Les chances économiques de la communauté franco-africaine (Paris, 1957), pp. 77–83. Moussa, later to gain notoriety as the banker who outfoxed the socialists during the nationalizations of 1982, was at that time a high civil servant at the Ministry for Overseas France and chairman of a Planning Ministry subcomittee on the economic integration of the empire.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Annuaire statistique de la zone franc, 1949–1955 (Paris, 1958), pp. 178–99.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Calculated from Bloch-Lainé and Bouvier, La France restaurée, p. 158.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, “Les liens economiques,” p. 54. This figure is expressed in constant 1952 francs.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Postwar exchange regulations and the Treasury's franc-zone arrangements meant that Paris completely controlled the foreign-trade earnings of the colonies. See Premier rapport annuel du Comité Monétaire de Ia Zone franc, année 1953 (Paris, 1953), pp. 5–40;Google Scholar and, for an excellent extended analysis, Bloch-Lainé, François, ed., La Zone franc (Paris, 1956).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Moussa, Les chances économiques, pp. 248–50.Google Scholar

²⁰ Marseille, , Empire colonial et capiralisme français (Paris, 1984), pp. 350–73.Google Scholar

²¹ Domptail, Gérard, “L'intégration économique,” L'Indépendant, 28 Jan. 1956.Google Scholar

²² Kuisel, Capitalism and the State, p. 264.Google Scholar

²³ Bonin, Hubert, Histoire économique de la IV^e République (Paris. 1987). p. 256.Google Scholar

²⁴ Arnaud-Ameller, Paule, Mesures écono, niques el financières de décembre 1958 (Paris. 1968), p. 26.Google Scholar

²⁵ sir Cairncross, Alec, “The Postwar Years 1945–77,” in Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, Donald, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700 (Cambridge, 1981). vol. 2, table 16.1, p. 376.Google Scholar

²⁶ Carré, Dubois, and Malinvaud, French Economic Growth, p. 398.Google Scholar

²⁷ In 1951 France accounted for 8.2 percent of world exports of manufactured goods, the same proportion as West Germany. By 1959 France's share of the world total had fallen to 7 percent while Germany's had risen to 14.5 percent. See Arnaud-Ameller, Paule, La France à l'épreuve de la concurrence internationale 1951–1966 (Paris, 1970), pp. 26–27.Google Scholar

²⁸ Bonin, Histoire économique de la IV^e République, p. 258.Google Scholar

²⁹ Sellier, François, Stratégie de la lutte sociale (Paris, 1961), pp. 122–23, maintains that in 1956 France's external trade ratio (X/GNP) was 9.9 percent, and the foreign trade ratio 5.3 percent. Arnaud-Ameller, Mesures économiques etfinanciéres, p. 245, argues that the small size of the external trade sector (which she estimates at 13 to 14 percent of GDP for the decade) demonstrates France's weak integration into the world economy in the 1950s.Google Scholar

³⁰ The Comité d' Etudes de l' Intégration Economique de la Métropole et des Pays d' Outre-Mer. Set up in May 1954, this committee was chaired by Gen. Edouard Corniglion-Molinier, the number-two man in the Planning Ministry. Members were drawn from the upper echelons of the civil service and the nationalized industries. Much of what follows is based upon the records of this committee (Archives Nationales, boxes 8OAJ 71–72), as well as Ministère des Affaires Etrangéres, “Les liens économiques.”Google Scholar

³¹ For the emergence of liberal attitudes toward trade within the Finance Ministry, the Bank of France, and the Foreign Office, see Bonin, Histoire économique de la IV^e République, p. 190.Google Scholar

³² Minutes of the external trade subcommittee, session of 20 January 1955, pp. 7–11. Archives Nationales, box 80 AJ 72. For the rearguard actions of French protectionism in this period, see Bonin, Histoire économique de la IV^e République, passim;Google Scholar and Dan, K. W., The GATT: Law and International Economic Organization (Chicago, 1970), P. 159.Google Scholar

³³ “Note Laure/Mafart,” an undated briefing paper prepared for the external trade subcommittee, pp. 24–25. Archives Nationales, box 80 AJ 72.Google Scholar

³⁴ For example, the founding treaty of the European Coal and Steel Community stipulated that preferential tariff rates enjoyed by any member state in its overseas territories be extended to all member states in the product lines covered under the agreement.Google Scholar

³⁵ “Soft” social overhead investment like schools and hospitals generated annual recurrent costs as high as 20 percent of the initial capital outlay. Bloch-Lainé, La Zone franc, p. 120.Google Scholar

³⁶ Ibid., p. 144. This figure does not include the cost of price supports for colonial exports nor forgone interest on 106 billion francs of concessional lending to the colonies that year.

³⁷ “Les liens économiques,” p. 64.Google Scholar

³⁸ “Note Laure/Mafart,” pp. 32–33, Archives Nationales, box 80 AJ 72.Google Scholar

³⁹ Introduction to the Third Modernization and Development Plan (1957), as quoted by Gauron, André, Histoire économique et sociale de la Cinquiètne République, vol. 1: Le temps des modernistes (Paris, 1983), p. 60.Google Scholar