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A Tuscan Monastic Lordship in the Later Middle Ages: Camaldoli

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

P. J. Jones
P. J. Jones
Affiliation:
Lecturer in History, University of Leeds
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Extract

The rural economy of late medieval Italy displays many features and obeys many tendencies common to western Europe at the time. In the age of fully developed communes and nascent despotism it is customary to emphasise that peasant unfreedom and dependent tenure had as good as disappeared, demesne farming and labour services were forgotten, and seigneurial rights diminished or suppressed; where these things have been discovered to persist they are noticed as curious survivals from a different society. Income from land consisted of rents, which on the older estates of church and nobility were commonly fixed rents in money or kind, paid in perpetuity or to an increasing extent for a term of years or at pleasure. New landlords however were displacing the old, men of the urban oligarchies and middle class, who were harsher than their feudal predecessors and pursued an active agriculture by way of grants in mezzadria (sharecropping), protected in their interest by municipal statute. Among ecclesiastical lordships many monasteries succumbed to debt or moral decay, and ecclesiastical property fell victim to a fresh wave of lay encroachment, proceeding from the towns. In Lombardy and the north all classes of society sought their advantage in taking church land at nugatory rents to sublet for high profits or even in time to possess outright. A new cupidity was in the air.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , October 1954 , pp. 168 - 183
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1954

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References

page 168 note 1 On this ‘pillage légalisé see C. Cipolla, ‘Une crise ignorée: comment s'est perdue la propriété ecclésiastique dans I'Italie du nord entre le xie et le xvie siècle’, Annales, Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations (1947).

page 169 note 1 Regesto di Camaldoli (Regesta Chartarum Italiae), ed. L. Schiaparclli, F. Baldasseroni, E. Lasinio, 1907–22, n. 86. A(rchivio di) S(tato), F(irenze), Catasto 191, f. 255V.

page 169 note 2 Except possibly within the walls of the castrum, where the monks claimed exclusive ownership; this is proved at Anghiari and Pianettole and was probably true of Moggiona: Reg. Cam., nn. 1218, 2214–5. At Soci Camaldoli did its utmost to acquire the property of all other landowners inside the walls: ibid., nn. 705, 842, 882, 1023 etc. ASF, Archivio Diplomatico, Camaldoli, 16 October 1280.

page 169 note 3 For oaths of fealty pro jurisdictionc at Castiglion Fatalbecco see ASF, Arch. Dip., Camald., 22 July 1266, 19 December 1311. At Soci Camaldoli had tenants not recorded among the inhabitants owing custodie sive guardie nocturne et diurne: ibid., 13 March 1267.

page 169 note 4 Notably at Soci where Camaldoli made important purchases and exchanges during the thirteenth century, even selling rents elsewhere to do so; many properties came from men who were monastic tenants and fideles for other lands: ibid., 4 January 1268, 5 April 1269, 2 August 1273, ‘9 September 1273, u January 1275, 29 June 1277, 24 January 1284, 31 July 1286, 7 December 1290 etc. Similarly at Moggiona: ibid., 11 July 1294, 1 April 1300 etc.

page 169 note 5 As at Anghiari, Valenzano, and Vegognano: Modigliani, ‘Gli statuti del comune di Anghiari del secolo xiii’, Archivio Storico Italiano (4th Ser. v. vi), Reg. Cam., nn. 1246–7, 1466, 2286; cf. 1903, 2269, 2285. ASF, Arch. Dip. Cam. 1251 (Ind. ix), 15 January 1267.

page 170 note 1 Reg. Cam., nn. 842, 1041, 1069, 1094–5, 1198, 1201, 1396, 1435–6, 1478, 1609, 1682, 1687, 1746, 1903, 2079, 2210, 2214, 2256, 2260, 2286, 2343, 2387, 2378, 2404–5. ASF, Cam., App. 8, fo. 2v, 3v–4, 26v, 52V, 531; App. 17, pp. 130–40, 891, 893, 894–6, 1151; App. 99, fo. 17V, 2ir; App. 1036 (sub a. 1269, 1297). Arch. Dip., Cam., November 1095, 1251 (Ind. ix), 1259, 20 July 1266, 12 October 1264, 13 March 1267, 12 January 1269, 30 June 1269, 8 January 1273, 22 January 1273, 29 September 1283, 28 August 1291, sec. xiii, n. 16, 11 April 1324. Modigliani, op. cit.

page 170 note 2 At Anghiari, Vaiala, Castiglion Fatalbecco, and Pianettole: Modigliani, op. cit. U. Pasqui, Documenti per la storia di Arezzo, ii. 212. Reg. Cam., nn. 1198, 1201, 1206, 1253, 1435–6, 1903, 2138, 2269, 2285. ASF, Arch. Dip. Cam., 16 January 1253, 12 October 1264, 30 June 1269, 8 January 1273, 9 April 1279, 14 October 1299, sec. xiii, n. 16. For a similar concession at Valenzano and Vegognano see Reg. Cam., n. 2286. Camaldoli retained contact with its tenants in these places and kept a seigneurial officer (balius, balitor) there: Reg. Cam., nn. 1435–6, 1457, 2285–6.

page 170 note 3 ASF, Arch. Dip. Cam., 1 January 1298. Mittarelli, Annales Camaldulenses, v. 228–9, 270. App. n. cxciv–v. Davidsohn, Geschichte v. Florenz, iii. 48–9. Forschungen z. Geschichte v. Florenz, iv. 266. Mittarelli explains that local disturbances and war made Soci of little value to the monks, but this was not their own opinion: Reg. Cam., n. 1106 n.

page 170 note 4 So at Soci, Partina, Moggiona, and Castiglion Fatalbecco: Pasqui, op. cit., ii. 323, 450. ASF, Cam., App. 8, fo. 72r. Arch. Dip., Cam., 17 April 1255, ? 1262, 13 March 1267, 10 January 1269, 16 August 1282, 8 September 1288, sec. xiii, n. 16: cf. Spogli, ii. 260, 269. For Anghiari, where Camaldoli had lost all political authority by the mid-thirteenth century, see Modigliani, op. cit. The monks occasionally needed help from Arezzo to impose their will: ASF Arch. Dip., Cam., 17 April 1255, 20 July 1266, 20 May 1269, 15 April 1270, 9 September 1270.

page 170 note 5 ASF, Cam., App. 99, opening fos. (a. 1263?). Certain tenants also owed decima.

page 171 note 1 These renders did not approach in amount the fortnightly farms of some English abbeys. ASF, Cam., App. 99, fo. 3V ff. The parish priests of Sod, Agna, Sparena, and Moggiona likewise owed at least 200 eggs each year. On the castaldi generally see Reg. Cam., passim. ASF, Cam., App. 8, fo. 25V.; App. 17, fo. 873; App. 18, p. 155. Arch. Dip., Cam., 1 January 1258, 12 December 1286, 10 January 1294, 3 December 1295, etc., cf. Modigliani, op. cit., vi. 229 ff.

page 171 note 2 Reg. Cam., nn. 1495, 2250, 2370. ASF, Cam., App. 8, fo. 70V (1266), 246V; App. 18, fo. 131; App. 99, fo. iii, 15r;App. 1036 (sub a. 1280, 1292). Arch. Dip., Cam., 20 February 1280, 12 February 1292, sec. xiii, n. 17.

page 171 note 3 For evidence of works, mostly in the Casentino, between 1250 and 1300 see ASF, Cam., App. 8, fo. 2v, 3, 4V, 70V; App. 99, fos. 6r ff., 8, 10v, 12r, 13r, 19v ff., 21r. Arch. Dip., Cam., 1251 (Ind. ix), 21 May 1257, 1 September 1266.

page 172 note 1 Oaths of fealty might exact a promise to pay census: ASF, Cam., App. 8, fo. 26v. Arch. Dip., Cam., November 1095, 11 April 1324. At Moggiona money payments included, beside census, acomandisia, which is clearly a recognition due: ibid., App. 99, fo. 6r ff. Cf. the oath of fealty at Soci which assimilates vasalli, fideles, ascriptitii, reccomandati, and censiti: ibid., Arch. Dip. Cam., 29 September 1283; also the colonus of the abbey of Prataglia who in 1242 owed 6d. and 2 opere manuum ‘pro recognitione suorum bonorum’: Reg. Cam., n. 2222. For promises not to alienate see ASF, Cam., App. 8, fo. 2v; App. 17, 139; Arch. Dip., Cam., 9 June 1270, 29 September 1283, 25 March 1287, 19 December 1311, cf. Reg. Cam., n. 2256. Mittarelli, op. cit., v. 72.

page 172 note 2 ASF, Cam., App. 8, fo. 2 ff., 70V; App. 17, pp. 873, 1136 ff.; App. 99, passim. Arch. Dip., Cam., 1251 Ind. ix, 1 January 1258, 10 October 1267, 14 January 1269, 9 June 1270, 20 February 1280, 25 March 1287, sec. xiii, n. 17, 11 April 1324. Comandisia, at Moggiona, might amount to more than census, but was a comparably small sum, ranging from 3d. to 33., and bearing no evident relation to census.

page 172 note 3 Reg. Cam., nn. 1340, 1342, 1460–1, 1508, 1540, 1640, 1820, 2010, 2014, 2017, 2059, 2149, 2150, 2155, 2239, 2326, 2328. ASF, Arch. Dip., Cam., 8 July 1268, 14 January 1269, etc.

page 172 note 4 ASF, Cam., App. 8, fos. 25v, 26r, 52v, 70v. App. 17, p. 1137. App. 18, p. 185. App. 99, fos. 4v ff., 8v ff., 11, 13v ff., 17v, 22r. Arch. Dip., Cam., 1251 (Ind. ix), 19 September 1284, 24 September 1287. For the chapter of Arezzo see Pasqui, op. cit., ii, n. 623, p. 369.

page 172 note 5 Reg. Cam., n. 2415. ASF, Cam., App. 8, fos, 25v–26r; App. 18, p. 185; App. 99, fos. 4v ff., 11r, 13v ff., 18v ff. Arch. Dip., Cam., 23 August 1284, 19 September 1284, 4 October 1285, 30 September 1288. Cf. leases of curie, infra.

page 172 note 6 ASF, Cam., App. 17, pp. 1140 ff. App. 99, fos. 18vff., 23. Arch. Dip., Cam., 27 December 1265, 29 June 1273, 23 August 1284, 30 September 1288.

page 173 note 1 It is possible the curia of Casalecchio had been let still earlier. ASF, Cam., App. 99, fos. 4r, 4v–5c, 151, 18v. Arch. Dip., Cam., 3 March 1289, 6 March 1300, sec. xiii, n. 17.

page 173 note 2 The parchment deeds continue, though decreasing in amount, and beside them runs a series of rentals, containing also leases and accounts. Stray volumes of accounts survive as well to illustrate certain years or the work of certain officials, and two compendious surveys (catasti), one of the Casentino (1446), the other of all the abbey lands (1515 ff.). For the rentals (1329 ff.) see ASF, Cam., App. 117–36, 589–90; accounts, ibid., App. 107, 484, 499–500, 514, 518, 539, 546–8, 566–7, 569, 609, 1000, 1011–2; catasti, ibid., App. 183–4, cf. APP. 101 (‘549–57) a n d 589 (1441). There are also the Florentine catasti, of which only the first (a. 1427) has been consulted: ASF, Catasti, 191, fo. 235V ff.

page 173 note 3 For example Prataglia (1390, 1405), S. Quiricodelle Rose (1401), S. Ilario di Galeata (1439), Dicciano (1453), etc. ASF, Cam., App. 91, fo. 86v–87v. Arch. Dip., Cam., 16 November 1401, 11 March 1438, 5 November 1453, 20 May 1463. Mittarelli, op. cit., vi. 167, 168; vii. 192.

page 173 note 4 ASF, Arch. Dip., Cam., 15 February 1359, 2 November 1360, 7 November 1360, 17 October 1368. Mittarelli, op. cit., vi. 259.

page 174 note 1 Moggiona shared some of the immunities from toll granted Camaldoli by Florence after 1382. ASF, Cam., App. 9–10; 12; 17, p. 1146; 119, fo. 1r; 120, fos. 63, 67r ff., 83r ff., 88r ff., 91r, 93V, 106r, 125V; 126, fos. 80v, 81r; 184, fo. 15r. Arch. Dip., Cam., 13 August 1318, 30 December 1333, 31 October 1338, 14 October 1355, 12 October 1357, 17 October 1368, 13 December 1409, 142, 20 December 1446. Statuti, 442–3. Mitteralli, op. cit., vi. 141 ff., 181–2, 191, 286. Capitoli del Comune di Firenze, ed. Guasti, i. 527, n. 115. Leases granted at Moggiona forbade alienation without licence and part of the purchase price fell to Camaldoli: ASF, Cam., App. 17, p. 216.

page 174 note 2 Also payments for traffic in land. ASF, Cam., App. 17, pp. 216, 1145–6; App. 117 ff. passim. Arch. Dip., Cam., 11 April 1324, 9 August 1324, 20 August 1324.

page 174 note 3 During the fourteenth century Camaldoli lost all rights of lordship (but not its lands) at Banzena, Serra, Gello, Pianettole, Vaiala, and Castiglion Fatalbecco: ASF, Cam., App. 17, pp. 1140–3; 184, fo. 329V. Arch. Dip., Cam., 19 December 1311, 4 October 1312, 1313. Mittarelli, op. cit., v. 288, 293. Pasqui, op. cit., iii, ix–x. 130, 256, 268.

page 174 note 4 Camaldoli continued of course to receive the ancient tribute and the tithe of certain churches, which at times now comprised wine as well as grain: see for example ASF, Cam., App. 123, fo. 235r; cf. App. 117 ff. passim. Mittarelli, op. cit., vi. 328. By the late fifteenth century the monastery also had investments in the Florentine Monte: ibid., App. 569, fo. 54.V.

page 174 note 5 This is plainly shown by the catasti. In 1446 a typical tenant in Moggiona held a capanna, an area, terra arativa, with two houses, a casolare, and a few pieces of land, and for all this paid 2 ‘quarters’ of grain, is., 6 opere and 2s. 2d., 6 opere and 4s. ‘pro censu predii sui’, is. and a ‘quarter’ of grain, if staia of grain and £2 15s. for lands of the infirmary of Camaldoli: ASF, Cam., App. 183, fo. 149. For another example see App. 132, fo. 21r (a. 1451). Earlier evidence reveals the scattering of tenants’ lands (ibid., App. 121, fo. 154r ff., 171r ff.), while the Florentine catasto of Partina in 1427 shows tenants holding lands of their own and of other lords: ASF, Catasti, 159, fo. 672v.

page 174 note 6 At Bibbiena however the practice was to let the vineyards there for a few years at high money rents: ASF, Cam., App. 91, fos. 1rff., 45V, 68v, 92V, 102r, 156r; 92, fo. 48r; 120 fos. 103V ff., 113r ff., 122v ff., etc.; 183, fo. 77r ff. For a parallel example at Partina see App. 183, fo. 51r ff.

page 174 note 7 Thus in 1412 the total income received in the Casentino from rent and demesne farming comprised 3034 staia of grain (exclusive of barley, spelt, beans, wine, etc.), but only 8 florins and £34 16s. 10d. of money rents (about £90?): ibid., App. 125, fo. 147r ff. Cf. App. 126, fo. 202r ff. (a. 1423), where the sums are £86 10s. 2d. and 3088$ staia of grain—at a time when Camaldoli was selling (and buying) grain at 30s. per staio: ibid., fo. 10r, App. 127, fo. 2r ff.

page 175 note 1 Generally on types of leases see refs. supra p. 173, n. 2; also two books of leases (1435 ff.): ASF, Cam., App. 91–2; cf. App. 116, fo. 21rff., 20.r ff., 37r ff., 51; 569, fo. 10v; and surviving deeds: Arch. Dip. Cam., 19 March 1301, 20 November 1301, 9 September 1302, 3 October 1302, 30 August 1303, 15 October 1305, 21 April 1307, 6 June 1308, 7 September 1309, 26 November 1309, 26 December 1309, 7 May 1311, 4 July 1311, 6 July 1311, 24 May 1312, 12 August 1314, 10 July 1322, 30 October 1327, 3 November 1331, 25 July 1334, 9 July 1347, 6 March 1366, 15 January 1465, 19 December 1496, 22 March 1502, etc.

page 175 note 2 ASF, Cam., App. 91–2, 101, 107, 184, fo. 348v ff.

page 175 note 3 ASF, Cam., App. 107, fos. 3r, 6r, 58V ff., etc.; 119, fos. 63V–64V, 138rff.; 120, fo. 64rff.; 121, fo. 126rff.; 130, fo. 2rff.; 135, fo. 87V ff.; 136; 184, fos. 311rff., 321rff.; 566, fo. 122v; 568, fos. 45r ff., 62v, 70V, etc.; 569, fo. 40r. Arch. Dip., Cam., 6 October 1450, 30 March 1458, 19 January 1462.

page 175 note 4 ASF, Cam., App. 91, sub ‘Monte’; 117, fo. 70r, 86r, 106r, 114r, 118r, 122r ff.; 118, early fos.; 119, fos. 62r, 67r; 120, fos. 21rff., 97V ff.; 121, fos. 85V ff., 112rff., 128rff., 137r, 160r ff.; 122, fos. 2v ff.; 135; 183, fos. 33V ff.; 184, fos. 101r ff. Gradually the word podere displaced the word curia and well before 1400 the tenants (conductores) of manor farms were being called simply ‘lavoratori’ or ‘nostri lavoratori’, though the old name clung (App. 589, fo. 4r: ‘lavoratorj e chastaldj’, a. 1414).

page 176 note 1 ASF, Cam., App. 127, fos. 57V ff., 60rff., 160rff., 177rff.; 135, fo. 148r; 136, fos. 1r ff., 76V, 96r; 183, fo. 39r; 184, fos. 1 18v, 305r ff. Arch. Dip., Cam., 24 October 1323. Large poderi may have been formed out of pieces at Partina, where there had never been demesne, and Freggina: ibid., Cam., App. 91, fos. 79r–80r, 84T, 97v; 183, fo. 57v ff. The survey of 1515, after listing the buildings and lands of Contra, concludes: ‘Et hec omnia supra dicta bona faciunt unum predium quod dicitur il podere di Contra’: App. 184, fos. 113v–115r.

page 176 note 2 ASF, Cam., App. 123, fo. 236r ff.; 183, fos. 15r–18r, 64r 84r ff., 197r, 220r, 22gr; 184, fos. 42r, 124r. The ‘Podere del Prato’ was merely one of several farms with special names, of which the Podere Bocci, near Ragginopoli, survives today.

page 176 note 3 It is not suggested that in general the seasonal payments of hens and eggs (onoranze, regalie, etc.) made by mezzadri to their landlords in both medieval and modern times originated in offerings by manorial bailiffs; they derive rather from the exenie of an earlier period.

page 171 note 1 Accounts in a lease of the podere at Ventrina, in 1445, show money loaned the tenant (a mezzadro) for clothes and shoes: ASF, Cam., App. 91, fo. 71v–72v.

page 177 note 2 At La Capannuccia (near Pratovecchio) by contrast, a podere held in 1515 for a perpetual rent of £35 was later let ad medium: ibid., App. 184, fo. 195v.

page 178 note 1 For the large poderi see the rentals, accounts and catasti (p. 173, n. 2), the two fifteenth-century books of leases (p. 175, n. 1), and the following deeds: ASF, Arch. Dip., Cam., 26 December 1309, 24 February 1320, 26 August 1321, 24 October 1323, 8 August 1346.

page 178 note 2 Demesne farming was continuous only at Camaldoli, at Pratale till the fifteenth century, and later at Mausolea, but it is attested periodically from the second half of the fourteenth century at Agna, Badia a Prataglia, Bucena, Farneta, Moggiona, Monte, Soci, and Ventrina—all in the Casentino and near the monastery.

page 178 note 3 Many farm servants were hired by the year or for shorter periods (ASF, Cam., App. 539, fos. 15r, 22r, 41r, 43r, etc.; 566, fos. 8 ff., 34V, 55V, 69v, ioir, etc.), but the categories are not all clearly defined. Ploughmen might be conversi (ibid., App. 484, fos. 9r ff., 18vff.: a. 1395) or they might be paid (App. 125, fo. 254V: a. 1414); but conversi (on whom see Mittarelli, op. cit., i, app. col. 336 ff.) could also be hired workers (ASF, Cam., App. 129, fo. 18v: a. 1437), and appear in all kinds of jobs, as millers, agricultural tenants, farm servants and officers. In addition to 4 conversi with the prior the Florentine catasto of 1427 reported 19 monaci e chonversi at the Eremo, 84 at the Badia (ibid., Catasto 191, fo. 255V). Resident castaldi are recorded in the Casentino up to circa 1370.

page 178 note 4 One fante (farm labourer) in 1435 was being paid 15s. for every ‘work’. ASF, Cam., APP. 539. fos. 45r, 47r, etc; 546, fos 44r ff., 53vff., 566, fo. 3v ff.; 567, ff. 8v; cf. App. 118, opening fos.; 129, fos. 13r, 16v, 17v ff.; 484, fo. 1. For grain prices in 1395 and 1423 cf. p. 174, n. 7, p. 180, n. 1. Tenants of Camaldoli seem quite often to have increased their income as paid labourers of the monks, and some members of tenant families occur among manorial servants hired by the year: App. 566, fo. 34v (a. 1395).

page 179 note 1 Bucena was briefly in the hands of the monks in 1485: ASF, Cam., App. 136, fo. 67v. For labour services at Moggiona and the details of demesne farming everywhere see general refs. supra, p. 173, n. 2, infra, p. 180, n. 2.

page 179 note 2 ASF, Cam., App. 91, fo. 140; 126, fos. 10v, 202r ff., 251rff.; 127, fos. 57r ff., 59v, 60r ff., 90r ff., 117r, 157r ff., 160r, 177r, 180r, 187v; 129, fos. 58rff.; 130, fo. 12r; 132, fo. 124v; 135, fos. 148r ff.; 136, fos. 77r, 193v; 546, fo. 3v; 184, fo. 325r 569, fos. 100r ff., 118rff.; 1000, 1011–12, etc.

page 179 note 3 In 1439 a certain Paolo, ‘nostro’, paid out the money for works done at Mausolea; but the same man was responsible for selling produce in Castiglion Aretino: ibid., App. 567, fos. 8v, 9r, cf. App. 589, fos. 54r ff. (a. 1435).

page 180 note 1 As in 1364 for example when 500 staia were sold at 10s. per staio or 1395 when 870 staia were sold for £1, 142; in that year a large amount of bread was also sold, ‘per gli pastori’, making the total proceeds £1, 749: ibid., App. 119, fo. 140v; 123, fos. 153r ff.

page 180 note 2 The vineyards of Mausolea, Pratale, and Moggiona were valued in 1427 at £785 14s. 5d., £235 14s. 4d. and £78 us. 8d. respectively, all three worked directly. By contrast oil was not prominent among local products, and the monks spent heavily on it till they acquired farms in the upper val d'Arno (cf. supra, p. 175). Another common commodity bought (and sold) was salt. ASF, Catasti 191, fos. 253v, 255v ff.; ibid., Cam., App. 107, fo. 1v; 118, first fos.; 119, fo. 62rff.; 121, fos. 124r, 159vff; 123, fos. 1vff., 33r ff., 52r ff., 77r ff., 104r ff, 117v, 153r ff., 160v ff, 172v, 20ar ff, 235r 261v ff; 124, fos. 116, 152v ff, 186v ff; 125, fos. 147r ff, 171r ff, 254r ff, last fos.; 126, fos. 10r, 41r ff., 202rff., 251rff; 127, fos. 57r ff, 150r ff, 172rff; 129; 130, fos. 6r ff; 132, fos. 40r, 41rff, 76rff.; 134, fos. 114rff; 484, fos. 2r ff, 24v ff; 499–500, 539, 546–8, 566, fos. 9r, 20r; 567, 569, 590.

page 180 note 3 But much meadow was kept in the hands of the monks, and although labour services for cutting hay were exacted (e.g. ibid., App. 123, fo. 173), costs of maintenance were high: ‘Per fare seghare fieno ne' loro prati di quelle montagnie, ispendono ogni anno almeno f. 30 per le loro bestie da soma e da chavalcare e per quelle v'arivano de'forestieri’, etc. (ASF, Catasti, 191, fo. 255v: a. 1427).

page 181 note 1 As in earlier days there were also special servants in charge of goats, cows, and pigs: ASF, Cam., App. 107, fo. 4v; 484, fos. 18r, 204, etc.

page 181 note 2 ‘Perchè nel'Eremo di quella contrada abonda di verno tanta neve che ghuasta l'abitazione per la sua umidità e frigidità in tale forma, che ssi ispende ogni anno per lo menoinma(n)ttenerel'abitazionef. 100’ (ASF, Catasti, 191, fo. 256r).

page 181 note 3 The monks sometimes put out flax, produced on certain estates, to be spun and woven (ASF, Cam., App. 126, fo. 2vff.), and there was a monastic cobbler, hired and paid by the year, who may have made some use of the hides and skins from monastic beasts; but most of his leather was purchased, and even some of the shoes, which were regularly issued to the monks and farm hands (ibid., App. 129, fo. 30r ff.; 484, fo. 9r ff.; 518, fo. 30r ff.; 539, fos. 15r ff., 22r ff., 89v, 94r; 566, fos. 18v, 21r, 30r, 567; 569, etc.

page 181 note 4 For the details of pasture and animal husbandry see ASF, Catasti, 191, fo. 255v; Statuti, 442–3; Cam., App. 10; 91, fos. 41r, 48r, 50v, 94r, 122r, etc.; 118, first fos.; 119, fo. 140r; 120, fos. 82, 110r, 142rff.; 121, fos. 157v, 188rff.; 122, fo. 17r; 125, fos. 175rff;207v ff.; 126, fo. 7v; 127, fos. 2r ff, 129, fos. 31r, 32v, 34v; 130, fo. 66r; 184, fo. 204r; 484, fos. 4v ff., 18r, 21v ff.; 499–500, 518, 539, 546–8, 566–7, 569, 590, 595, 609 passim; Arch. Dip., Cam., 17 October 1368.

page 182 note 1 The Modenese monastery of Frassinoro made carrying services a regular part of the rent for its woodland, obtaining thereby transport for the produce on its estates in the plain: G. Bucciardi, Montefiorino e le terre della badia di Frassinoro, Modena 1926–32, ii. 131–2.

page 182 note 2 ASF, Catasti, 191, fo. 235v; Statuti, 442–3; Cam., App. 120, ff. 94v; 514; 539, fo. 106r, etc.; 566, fos. 12vff., 14v; 567, fo. 1vff.; 590; Arch. Dip., Cam., 31 October 1316, 15 March 1319, 8 August 1394. Pasqui, op. cit., ii. 121. The oblie from home farms included wood: supra, p. 176.

page 183 note 1 ASF, Cam., App. 184, fo. 311r ff. Stray examples occur also in the valdarno, and at Subbiano, Brolio (nr. Foiano), and Montecchio (nr. Bibbiena), but conditions at Montecchio were unusual, and the lands at Brolio were recovered during the sixteenth century.

page 183 note 2 Ibid., App. 91, fos. 158v ff.; 174r ff., 179; 92, fo. 14r; 136, fos. 76v ff., 116v ff., 132r, 179r, 193v; 184 fo. 287rff.