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Surrogate Fathers: The Lazarists as Jesuit Successors in the Eighteenth Century, 1759–1814
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 May 2017
Abstract
From 1759 to 1773 rulers throughout Europe deemed the Society of Jesus highly dangerous and began moving against it. This article, however, rather than focussing on Jesuit failings, uncovers an alternative story of the popularity enjoyed by the Lazarists, appointed to be the Jesuits’ successors in many important locations. The Lazarists’ ethos and behaviour provided attractive contrasts to the Jesuits, first winning the patronage of European elites in the pre-suppression era. Yet replacing the Jesuits was tricky, imposing novel demands on the Lazarists’ resources. More ominously, the forces which brought down the Jesuits had not gone into full slumber, seriously endangering the Lazarist succession.
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References
1 Some key texts give a flavour of the vitriol. Diderot's Encyclopédie accused the Jesuits of being ‘the most abject fomenters of despotism in the state’: ‘Jésuite’, Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, Paris 1765, viii. 512–16Google Scholar. In Portugal, the infamous Relação abreviada accused them of a litany of crimes there, including robbing and defrauding the indigenous population, as well as flouting church and state law: Relaçaõ abbreviada da republica, que os religiosos jesuitas das provincias de portugal, e hespanha, estabeleceraõ nos dominios ultramarinos das duas monarquias, e da guerra, que nelles tem movido, e sustentado contra os exercitos hespanhoes e portuguezes; formada pelos registos das secretarias dos dous respectivos principaes commissarios, e plenipotenciarios; e outros documentos authenticos, Lisbon 1757 Google Scholar. The writer and traveller Joseph Baretti called them ‘a gang of traitors always ready to stab sovereigns and overthrow kingdoms’: A journey from London to Genova, through England, Portugal, Spain, and France, London 1770, i. 263 Google Scholar.
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35 ‘non un ordre qui aspire véritablement et uniquement à la perfection évangélique, mais plutôt un corps politique’: arrêt de la cour du parlement, 6 Aug. 1762, in Isambert, François, Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises, depuis l'an 420 jusqu’à la revolution de 1789, xxii, Paris 1830, 358 Google Scholar.
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54 ‘bien voulue du roi, qui l'a honorée de sa présence aux divins offices’; ‘qui la traite avec une grande bonté et une affection vraiment paternelle’: RC i. 317, 332 respectively.
55 ‘il a nouvellement acheté un vaste emplacement pour pouvoir bâtir des logements plus proportionnés à l'objet de sa fondation’: RC i. 501.
56 João v to Jean Couty, 22 Dec. 1738, Guimarães, Apuntamentos, 169.
57 CCD ii. 39; xiiia. 452. Although these were often relaxed the Jesuits had similar prohibitions: Loyola, Ignatius, Constitutiones Societatis Iesu: tomus tertius: textus latinus, Rome 1938, 191 Google Scholar (pt vi, ch. iii, n. vii), 277 (pt x, n. xi).
58 See generally Van Kley, Dale, The Jansenists and the expulsion of the Jesuits from France, 1757–1765, New Haven–London 1975 Google Scholar.
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60 ‘avec le meme zèle que vous et votre Congregation, Monsieur, avez toujours montré dans tout ce qui a droit au bien de la religion et de l'Etat’: M. de Castries to Antoine Jacquier, 6 Nov. 1782, ACMP, 171, IIB, unpaginated.
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62 ‘Memorias chronologicas da Caza da Congregação da Missão de Lisboa: em que se referem os sucessos notaveis, e extraordinarios que nella tem havido desde a fundação athe ao presente/ escriptas por hum de seus sacerdotes, e por elle offerecidas aos congregados da mesma Caza’: BNP, Cod.12916, fo. 196, 1759. See also de Oliveira Santos, Guilherme G., O Caso dos Távoras, Lisbon 1959 Google Scholar.
63 ‘Mémoire analytique de l'esprit des fonctions et des exercices des Prêtres de la Congrégation de la Mission’, 1781, Archivio della Missione, Casa Provinciale, Turin.
64 ‘Quatro corporações da quella Metropole requererão a S. Magestade para nos o dito Collegio: a saber o Cabido, os Parocos da Se que são muitos, o Senado com a Nobreza, e o Juiz do Povo com os seus adjuntos’: ‘Memorias’, fo. 236.
65 ‘le dit Séminaire ne pouvait solidement subsister, ni la Direction d'icelui être de durée, qu'étant uni à une Congrégation d'Ecclésiastiques’: Foundation contract, 16 Mar. 1767, in Contassot, Félix, Les Prêtres de la Mission au Grand Séminaire de Rodez (1767–1791), Paris 1960, 2–3 Google Scholar.
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67 ‘Les fonctions qui nous y attendent m'avoient effrayé parce qu'elles me paroissent au dessus de nos forces’: Jacquier to de Castries, 6 Nov. 1782 (copy), Archives Nationales, Paris, S6636, unpaginated.
68 RC ii.129, 1 Jan. 1780.
69 RC ii. 2.
70 ‘je n'en recherche aucun, et que, quand on m'en propose, je me défends autant qu'il m'est possible; mais quelquefois les instances sont si vives, et les personnes qui les font sont si pieuses et si respectables, que je crains, en refusant, de m'opposer aux desseins que la Providence a sur nous’: RC ii. 126.
71 ‘Ristretto della Visita delle Missioni degli ex-gesuiti in Levante dal fine d'ottobre del 1778 fino al principio di April del 1779’, SCPF, SC, Arcipelago 44, fos 121–2.
72 Ibid.
73 ‘Les ouvriers que nous avons envoyés ne suffisent pas; nous en augmenterons le nombre dès que les circonstances nous le permettront’: RC ii. 162, 1 Jan. 1784.
74 In addition to former Jesuit bases, the Lazarists opened four new seminaries in Italy, two residences in Russia, one in Prussia and another in Poland: RC ii. 4.
75 ARSI, Collegia 1375 (Bologna), fos 88r–89r.
76 Ibid. fo. 195v.
77 ‘Catalogo degli Individui exgesuiti pensionandi che dimoravano nei Collegi di Bologna e che riscuotevano la pensione vitalizia a tutto il di 11 Dec, 1775 come da documento negli atti sacchetti’, ibid. fo. 110r.
78 RC ii. 56, 1 Jan. 1768.
79 ADE, Cod. CL XIX 1–30, 22 Aug. 1779.
80 ‘Livro para servir aos assentos dos Exercicios dos Ordenandos e que teve principio em Dezembro de 1779 que foi o tempo em que se admittirão os primeiros depois que a Congregação tomou posse deste Collegio da Purificação de Evora’: ANTT, PT/TT/AC/M026.03.
81 ADE, Cod. CL XIX 1–30, 27 June, 25 Oct. 1792. For more on the Lazarists’ duties in Évora see Smith, Seán A., ‘Succeeding the Jesuits: the Congregation of the Mission and the Colégio da Purificação in Evora’, Vincentian Heritage Journal xxxiii (2016), article 1Google Scholar.
82 RC i. 151, 1 Jan. 1782.
83 ‘Schenkung und Übertrag sämtlicher Güter der erloschenen Gesellschaft Jesu an die Priester der Mission zu Errichtung einer Provinz in der Kurpfalz’, 7 Nov. 1781, GLAK, Pfälzer Generalia, 77, 6262, unpaginated.
84 RC ii. 158, 1 Jan. 1783.
85 RC ii. 220.
86 ‘la belle et vaste maison de Saint-André, sur le mont Esquilin; l'autre à Bologne, où … Son Éminence Mgr le cardinal Malvezzi nous a mis en possession d'une magnifique habitation, [94] bien meublée, et fournie de provisions abondantes’: RC ii. 93–4.
87 ‘Le premier est que le Souverain Pontife, de son propre mouvement et sans aucune sollicitation de notre part, a fait remettre à nos confrères de la maison de Saint-André de Rome toute l'argenterie qui avait été enlevée de l'église lors de l'extinction de la société des Jésuites’: RC ii. 117.
88 ‘mit allen dazu gehörigen Kirchen, Gebäuden, Gütern, Renten, Gefällen, Kapitalien, Zinsen, Kirchengerätschaften, vorrätigen Mobilien, Büchern, Baarschaften, Weinen, Früchten und Lasten’: GLAK. Pfälzer Generalia, 77, 6262, ‘Schenkung’.
89 McCormick, Andrew, ‘Serving God and Caesar: Pierre-François Viguier's reconnaissance mission to the Archipelago (1778–1779)’, in Forrestal, Alison and Smith, Seán A. (eds), The frontiers of mission: perspectives on early modern missionary Catholicism, Leiden 2016, 115–35Google Scholar.
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91 ‘Etat des biens à Naxie 19 mai 1790’, ibid. 40, fo. 533v
92 ‘la reine a promis de fournir les fonds nécessaires pour leur subsistance’: RC ii. 130.
93 Decrees of 10 Sept. 1783 and of 28 July 1785, ANTT, PT/TT/AC/L0060, fos 35r–36r.
94 ‘Tous ces biens sont très considérables en soi, mais vu le mauvais état où nous les avons trouvés, la rareté des cultivateurs, leur ignorance, leur fainéantise, ils ne rapportent à beaucoup près le cinquième de ce qu'ils peuvent rapporter comme il a paru par la pauvre totale des revenus’: ‘Etat des biens à Naxie, 19 mai 1790’, SCPF, SC, Arcipelago 40, fo. 533v.
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97 ‘La maggior parte delle occupazioni de'missionari, segnalato per Scio e Smirne, deve intendersi, quando ivi saran di nuovo fabbricare le chiese distrutte’: Jacquier to Propaganda, 17 Jan. 1780, SCPF, SC, Arcipelago 44, unpaginated.
98 McCormick, ‘Serving God and Caesar’.
99 Chadwick, The popes and European revolution, 350, 358–9.
100 Jacquier to Propaganda, 17 Jan. 1780.
101 Raux, Nicolas to de Vaivre, M., 16 Nov. 1788, in Mémoires de la Congrégation de la Mission: la Congrégation en Chine, Paris 1912, ii. 125Google Scholar.
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103 ‘Verzeichnis’, Sept. 1783: GLAK, Pfälzer Generalia, 77, 6270, unpaginated.
104 A few Jesuits became Lazarists in the process. This happened in the Palatinate (Bros Bach and Muskino) and in the Levant (Fr Virot in Damascus). My thanks to the Revd Dr John Rybolt cm for supplying me with this information.
105 ‘ce prince a bien voulu s'occuper de nos besoins, et il a réglé lui-même les fonds nécessaires à notre dotation’: RC i. 225.
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111 ‘les États les mieux affermis sont menacés d'une subversion totale par cet esprit d'une liberté fanatique qui gagne de toutes parts; où l'Église fait des pertes immenses par les attaques redoublées de l'erreur, par les vues d'une fausse politique, et surtout par les fureurs de l'impiété qui étend ses ravages et multiplie ses partisans’: RC ii. 257.
112 RC ii. 239. See also Joseph Guichard cm, ‘La Congrégation et la Révolution’, unpublished manuscript, ACMP.
113 ‘Nos maisons du Levant soutiennent avec bien des difficultés depuis la perte de leurs revenus de France. Le peu qu'elles peuvent posséder en Turquie est confié à des économes nommés par le gouvernement; je ne m'étonnerais point que ces messieurs n'en fussent complètement dépouillés par les menées des ministres de la révolution française’: RC ii. 252, 1 Jan. 1795.
114 ‘empêcher que les agents de la France ne s'emparent de nos maisons et de nos églises’: RC ii. 256.
115 RC ii. 261, 323.
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117 Frederick ii to Abbé Ciofani, 10 Sept. 1774, in Kratz, Wilhelm sj, ‘Ungedruckte Briefe Friedrichs des Großen’, AHSI i (1932), 281–91Google Scholar at p. 291.
118 ‘sur ce qui concerne les principes du Gouvernement et de l'administration des Etats avec celle des temps où le Jésuitisme a fleuri’: P. Diesbach to Leopold, Vienna, Jan. 1790, ARSI, Hist.Soc 226, fo. 85r.
119 ‘sarebbe la consolazione di tutti i buoni, e un efficace riparo a tanti disordini’: Cardinal Gianfrancesco Albani to Mons. Giovanelli, patriarch of Venice, 31 Dec. 1796, ibid. fo. 63r.
120 ‘si un jour ladite Societe des Jesuites dût … être rétablie, elle la remettroit dans la possession de leurs bien et dans l'acquit des fonctions’: ‘Mémoire analytique de l'esprit des fonctions’, 1781, fo.1.
121 ‘wenn Künste und Wissenschaften in Abnahme gerathen, und wenn die Bildung des wichtigsten Standes im Lande (der Geistlichkeit) vernachlässiget wird’: Johannes Arnold Mathy, Die französischen Pädagogen in Deutschland oder die Geschichte des Lazarismus in der Pfalz, Bethania 1793, pp. xiii–xiv.
122 Haas, Alban, Die Lazaristen in der Kurpfalz, Speyer 1960, 7–12 Google Scholar.
123 ARSI, Collegia, 1375, fo. 453r.
124 Vaz, Francisco A. Lourenco, Evora lastimosa e outros textos sobre o saque de Evora pelos franceses em 1808, Lisbon 2002, 191–210 Google Scholar. See also Gates, David, The Spanish ulcer: a history of the Peninsular War, London 2002 Google Scholar, and Glover, Michael, The Peninsular War, 1807–1814, London 2001 Google Scholar.
125 ‘sur le seul désir du Saint Père’: RC ii. 350.
126 Ibid.
127 RC ii. 379.
128 Carven, John W., Napoleon and the Lazarists, The Hague 1974, 150–1Google Scholar.
129 The Lazarists closed their Naxos base only in 1877: Andrew McCormick, ‘Religion et jeux de pouvoir en Méditerranée: les Lazaristes sur l’île grecque de Naxos (1780–1840)’, unpubl. PhD diss. Paris 2012. The Lazarists remain custodians of St Benoît, the Jesuits’ one-time church in Istanbul.