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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 March 2011
The interregnum period in England saw the polarisation of thought concerning the nature of the ministry and its relevance to salvation. Almost twenty years ago James Fulton Maclear classified the anti-clericalism which matured during these years in three ways: anti-clericalism based on mounting class consciousness and bitter resentment against the pretensions of the clergy; anti-clericalism rooted in political antagonism; and the anti-clericalism to be discerned in the thought of men such as William Walwyn, which was moralistic, anti-theological and indifferent to ecclesiastical problems. Most historians have discussed the issue of a settled ministry with reference to the writings of the leading controversialists—Milton, Walwyn, Lilburn, Winstanley, Fox, and Jubbes. The position assumed by the Presbyterian ministers themselves has received rather less attention—theirs was essentially a defensive standpoint and consequendy less colourful. Yet, for many reasons, there is a real need for an examination of the development of clerical professional exclusiveness prior to the Civil War and for an analysis of the reaction of the settled ministry to subsequent attacks upon their position.
page 101 note 1 Maclear, J.F., ‘Popular Anticlericalism in the Puritan revolution’, Journal of the History of Ideas, XVII (1956), passimGoogle Scholar.
page 101 note 2 Ibid. Other examples include Hill, C., Change and Continuity in Seventeenth Century England, London 1974, 127–148Google Scholar; Greaves, R. L., The Puritan Revolution and Educational Thought, Rutgers 1969Google Scholar, and ‘The Ordination Controversy and the Spirit of Reform in Puritan England’, in this Journal, XXI (1970)Google Scholar.
page 101 note 3 T. Hall, The Pulpit Guarded with XVII Arguments, London 1650.
page 102 note 1 I. Bourne, A Defence of the Scriptures, London 1656.
page 102 note 2 Foster, J., Alumni Oxoniensis, Oxford 1891–1892, I. 156Google Scholar.
page 102 note 3 Longden, H. I., Northamptonshire and Rutland Clergy from 1500, Northampton, 1939–1952, II. 177Google Scholar.
page 102 note 4 Foster, op. cit.
page 102 note 5 I. Bourne, The True Way of a Christian to the New Jerusalem, London 1622, dedication.
page 102 note 6 I. Bourne, The Godly Man's Guide, London, 1620, dedication; The True Way of a Christian, dedication.
page 102 note 7 Leicestershire County Record Office, Will of.Immanuel Bourne, dated 6 November 1671, proved 6 February 1672/3. Lichfield Joint Record Office, B/A/1/16: Immanuel Bourne instituted to Ashover Rectory, 11 July, 1621.
page 103 note 1 Will of Immanuel Bourne.
page 103 note 2 I. Bourne, The Anatomie of Conscience, London 1623; A light From Christ Leading Unto Christ, London, 1646 edn., 11 (introduction); P.R.O. Exchequer Depositions, 1657: Michaelmas, Derby, no. 33.
page 103 note 3 Whitehead, George (ed.), A Collection of Sundry Books, Epistles and Papers written by James Nayler, some of which were never before printed, London 1716, in An Examination of James Nayler upon an indictment of Blasphemy at the Sessiosn at Appleby, January 1652 and The Power and Glory of the Lord Shining out of the North, 42–3Google Scholar.
page 103 note 4 An examination of James Nayler ….
page 103 note 5 J. Nayler, The Power and Glory of the Lord …., 42–3.
page 104 note 1 Cited in Ainslie, J. L., The Doctrines of the Ministerial Order in the Reformed Churches of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Edinburgh 1940, 8Google Scholar.
page 104 note 2 The Second Prayer Book of Edward VI (Ancient and Modern Library of Theological Literature) London 1552.
page 105 note 1 See O'Day, R., ‘The Reformation of the Ministry’ in O'Day, R. and Heal, F. (eds.), Continuity and Change: the Church in England, 1500–1643, Leicester 1976Google Scholar.
page 105 note 2 T. Collier, A Brief Discovery of the Corruption of the Ministry of the Church of England, London 1647, 17, 18, 23–4.
page 105 note 3 W. Walwyn, The Compassionate Samaritane Unbinding, London 1644, 22–7.
page 105 note 4 J. Ferriby, The Lawfull Preacher, London 1652, 15.
page 106 note 1 I. Bourne, The Rainebow, London 1619, 4–5 et passim.
page 106 note 2 I. Bourne, The True Way of a Christian, 16.
page 106 note 3 Ibid., 18.
page 106 note 4 Ibid., 24.
page 107 note 1 Ibid., 28.
page 107 note 2 I. Bourne, A Light From Christ Leading Unto Christ, London 1646.
page 107 note 3 Baxter, R., The Reformed Pastor, London 1841Google Scholar.
page 107 note 4 I. Bourne, A Light From Christ …, 129.
page 107 note 5 Ibid.
page 108 note 1 Ibid., 104–5.
page 108 note 2 I. Bourne, The Rainebow, passim.
page 108 note 3 Barratt, D. M., ‘Conditions of the Parish Clergy from the Reformation to 1660 in the Dioceses of Oxford, Worcester and Gloucester’, unpublished University of Oxford D. Phil, thesis, 1950Google Scholar, passim; Hill, C., Economic Problems of the Church, Oxford 1956, 100Google Scholar.
page 108 note 4 I. Bourne, The Anatomie of Conscience, London 1623, 40.
page 109 note 1 Derby City Library, Ashover Collection, Letter from Immanuel Bourne, dated 28 August 1646, to William Bourne of Manchester, printed in The Derbyshire Times, 28 May 1910, original now missing.
page 109 note 2 Ibid.
page 109 note 3 Ibid.
page 109 note 4 Ibid.
page 109 note 5 Ibid.
page 110 note 1 I. Bourne, A Defence and Justification of Ministers' Maintenance by Tithes And of Infant Baptism, Humane Learning, and the Sword of the Magistrate, London 1659, dedication.
page 110 note 2 Ibid., dedication.
page 110 note 3 Ibid., dedication.
page 110 note 4 Ibid., dedication.
page 110 note 5 Ibid., 2, 19, 87, 89.
page 110 note 6 P.R.O., Exchequer Deposition, 1657, Michaelmas, Derby, no. 33.
page 111 note 1 G. Whitehead, A Collection of Sundry Books … by James Nayler, passim.
page 112 note 1 Braithwaite, W. C., The Beginnings of Quakerism, and. ed., Cambridge 1970, 127Google Scholar.
page 112 note 2 For accounts of the disputation see, Bourne, I., A Defence of the Scriptures, London 1956Google Scholar; and J. Nayler, A Dispute between James Nayler and the Parish Teachers of Chesterfield, by a Challenge Against Him … occasioned by a Bull bayting, London 1655.
page 112 note 3 Nayler, A Dispute …, 1.
page 113 note 1 Ibid., 9.
page 113 note 2 Bourne, A Defence of the Scriptures, Dedication.
page 113 note 3 Ibid., 954.
page 113 note 4 Ibid., 954.
page 113 note 5 Ibid., 954.
page 113 note 6 Ibid., 976.
page 113 note 7 Ibid., 991.
page 113 note 8 Ibid., 991.
page 114 note 1 Ibid., 983–4.
page 114 note 2 Bourne, A Defence and Justification of Ministers' Maintenance by Tithes …, 9.
page 114 note 3 Ibid., 9, 10.
page 114 note 4 Nayler, The Power and Glory of the Lord …, 42–3; Nayler, Antichrist Discovered, in Works, 204.