^{page 1 note 1} διακόνισσα first appears in c. 19 of the Council of Nicaea.

^{page 1 note 2} I Cor., iii. 5.

^{page 1 note 3} Col., i. 7.

^{page 1 note 4} I Thess., iii. 2.

^{page 1 note 5} Col., i. 25.

^{page 1 note 6} In Ep. ad Tim. Hom., xi.

^{page 2 note 1} Though not necessarily, the author was not a master of Greek grammar, cf. iv. 3.

^{page 2 note 2} Ep., 96.

^{page 3 note 1} Didasc., iii. 12, 13 reproduced in Const. Ap., iii. 15.

^{page 3 note 2} Const. Ap., ii. 57; viii. 28; Pseudo-Ignatius, Ad Antioch., xii; Eth. Didasc., ii. 57, 58.

^{page 3 note 3} Const. Ap., ii. 26; according to Eth. Didasc., ii. 26 women approach the deacon through the deaconess and then the bishop through the deacon.

^{page 3 note 4} Test. Dom., ii. 20.

^{page 3 note 5} viii. 18 and 20. They are conveniently printed side by side for comparison in The Ministry of Women, London 1919, 74.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 6} iii. 12, cf. Eth. Didasc., iii. 16.

^{page 3 note 7} iii. 15.

^{page 3 note 8} Const. Ap., viii. 18.

^{page 3 note 9} Adv. Haer., iii. 2. 79.

^{page 3 note 10} Const. Ap., viii. 27.

^{page 4 note 1} Hippolytus, Ap. Trad., ix. 11; xxiii. 1.

^{page 4 note 2} C. 44. It is often assumed that the formulation of a canon proves the existence of the practice that it condemns, but this is not necessarily so. It is quite possible for a certain course of action to be considered and then, after discussion, to affirm that such a practice is not to be adopted.

^{page 4 note 3} viii. 28.

^{page 4 note 4} Const. Ap., viii. 30.

^{page 5 note 1} Acts ix. 39.

^{page 5 note 2} Acts vi. 1.

^{page 5 note 3} I Tim. v. 9.

^{page 5 note 4} Ignatius, Ad. Poly., iv.; Polycarp, Ad. Phil., iv.

^{page 5 note 5} Justin, I Apol., lxvii.

^{page 5 note 6} Ap. Trad., xi. 5.

^{page 5 note 7} Didascalia, iii. 2.

^{page 5 note 8} Ibid., iii. 6.

^{page 5 note 9} Ibid., iii. 7; cf. Eth. Didasc., iii. 7, Const. Ap., iii. 7.

^{page 5 note 10} Ibid., iii. 8.

^{page 5 note 11} Harnack, A., Sources of the Apostolic Canons, London 1895, 20.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 12} Const. Ap., vi. 17.

^{page 5 note 13} Eth. Didasc., vi. 17.

^{page 5 note 14} H.E., vii. 16.

^{page 5 note 15} H.E., viii. 9.

^{page 5 note 16} C. 24.

^{page 6 note 1} i. 23.

^{page 6 note 2} i. 40.

^{page 6 note 3} ii. 8., cf. IV. Carth., c. 12. As far as I am aware no explanation of the important position assigned to widows in the Testamentum Domini has hitherto been proposed; critics do no more than record the fact and assume it is a reaction, for reasons unknown, against the order of deaconesses. I would suggest that it is possible to regard it as a survival of the original pre-eminence of the widows from whom the deaconesses were recruited.

^{page 6 note 4} Eus., H.E., vi. 43. 11.

^{page 6 note 5} xiv. The Apostolic Constitutions is unique in prescribing the laying on of hands for the ordination of subdeacons; this is denied by Hippolytus (loc. cit), Basil (Ep. Canon., 51) and IV Carthage, c. 5.

^{page 7 note 1} xxx.

^{page 7 note 2} Epp., 8; 9; 20; 36; 45; 77; 79. Cyprian also refers to one Optatus whom he had made a subdeacon and a teacher of the hearers (29) and to Philumenus and Fortunatus, subdeacons, who had lapsed in the persecution (34. 2).

^{page 7 note 3} Ad Smyrn., xi; Ad Phil., x.

^{page 7 note 4} Const. Ap., viii. 11.

^{page 7 note 5} viii. 21.

^{page 7 note 6} viii. 11.

^{page 7 note 7} C. 5.

^{page 7 note 8} Laodicea, c. 21.

^{page 7 note 9} Ibid., c. 25.

^{page 7 note 10} Ibid., c. 22.

^{page 7 note 11} For the increase in congregations in the first half of the third century see Frend, W. H. C., The Donatist Church, Oxford 1952, 91 f.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 12} It is perhaps not difficult to account for this Greek form of the name of what was primarily a western order if we remember that Greek would seem to have been the official language of the Roman Church even until the middle of the third century.

^{page 8 note 1} Ep., 7.

^{page 8 note 2} Cyprian, Epp., 52; 59.

^{page 8 note 3} Cyprian, Ep., 7.

^{page 8 note 4} Const. Ap., ii. 31, 32.

^{page 8 note 5} Eus., H.E., vii. 11. 24.

^{page 8 note 6} Cyprian, Epp., 77. 3; 78. 1.

^{page 8 note 7} The will of bishop Bennadius, predecessor of St. Remigius, lists all orders of clerics save the acolytes: Flodoard, Hist. Rem., i. 9.

^{page 8 note 8} De Cor. Mil., xi; De Idol., xi.

^{page 8 note 9} Octav., xxvii.

^{page 8 note 10} C. Celsum, vii. 67.

^{page 8 note 11} Ad Donat., v.

^{page 8 note 12} Adv. Gent, i. 46.

^{page 8 note 13} Ep., 69. 15.

^{page 8 note 14} Cyprian, Ep., 75. 10. At the Council of Arles there were present seven exorcists and two lectors.

^{page 8 note 15} C. 16.

^{page 8 note 16} C. 26.

^{page 8 note 17} De S. Felix Natal., Carm., iv.

^{page 9 note 1} E.g., Duchesne, L., Christian Worship, 5 th ed., reprinted 1956, 349 f.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 2} Augustine, when bishop of Hippo, also states that he was responsible for the final pre-baptismal exorcism, De Pecc. Mer. et Remis., i. 34.

^{page 9 note 3} Ap. Trad., xx. 7,8.

^{page 9 note 4} At a much later date the deacons are bidden to exorcise the candidates: Council of Constantinople, A.D. 536, Acta 5; Pseudo-Dionysius, Eccl. Hier., v. 1.6; cf. Can. Hipp., 121.

^{page 9 note 5} Apostolic Constitutions, viii. 27, is unusual in affirming that the power of exorcism is a charisma vouchsafed to certain individuals; but it does add that the person thus singled out should be ordained a bishop, priest or deacon.

^{page 9 note 6} Procat. ix; Catech., xvi. 19.

^{page 9 note 7} Catech., xx. 3.

^{page 10 note 1} De Idol. Van., vii.; Octav., xxvii.

^{page 10 note 2} Pseudo-Dionysius, Eccl. Hier., iv. 3.

^{page 10 note 3} Const. Ap., viii. 6, 7.

^{page 10 note 4} C. 7.

^{page 10 note 5} CC. 90; 92.

^{page 10 note 6} Ap. Trad., iii. 19. It also formed part of the duty of the presbyter in the fourth century: Const. Ap., viii. 16; Jerome, Ep., 52. 15.

^{page 10 note 7} Exorcists, like acolytes, are not mentioned by Hippolytus, but are referred to by both Cyprian and Cornelius.

^{page 10 note 8} Eusebius mentions one Romanus who was both a deacon and an exorcist: M.P., ii. 1.

^{page 10 note 9} Lk. iv. 16, 17.

^{page 10 note 10} i. 3.

^{page 11 note 1} lxvii.

^{page 11 note 2} De Praes., xli.

^{page 11 note 3} Harnack, A., Sources of the Apostolic Canons, 1895, 61–2.Google Scholar

^{page 11 note 4} Ap. Trad., xii.

^{page 11 note 5} viii. 22.

^{page 11 note 6} Ep., 29. The reference to being next to the clergy includes Opatus, a reader, who after examination by the teacher-presbyters (presbyteri doctores) has been made a subdeacon.

^{page 11 note 7} Ep., 39. 1

^{page 11 note 8} vi. 17.

^{page 11 note 9} Ep., 39. 4.

^{page 11 note 10} Ep., 38. 2.

^{page 11 note 11} Socrates, H.E., vii. 40, 41.

^{page 11 note 12} Paulinus, Nat. IV. Fel., civ.

^{page 11 note 13} Jeromè, De Vir. Ill., xc.

^{page 11 note 14} Duchesne, Lib. Pont, Paris 1886, i. 210, 217.

^{page 11 note 15} Cf. Julian and Gallus, Socrates, H.E., iii. 1; Sozomen, H.E., v. 2.

^{page 11 note 16} Op. cit., 54 ff.

^{page 11 note 17} Ibid., 77–8.

^{page 12 note 1} Apostolic Fathers. I. Pt. II, Oxford 1890, 204–8.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 2} The Primitive Church, London 1930, 251–3.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 3} Op. cit., 15–17.

^{page 12 note 4} iii. 7. 2.

^{page 12 note 5} ii. 28.

^{page 12 note 6} viii. 22.

^{page 12 note 7} Op. cit., 69.

^{page 13 note 1} ii. 25.

^{page 13 note 2} Ep., 38.

^{page 13 note 3} Ep., 39. 4.

^{page 13 note 4} H.E., ix. 2.

^{page 13 note 5} I Apol., lxvii.

^{page 13 note 6} De Praes., xxxvi.

^{page 13 note 7} Cyprian, Epp., 38; 39.

^{page 13 note 8} ii. 57.

^{page 13 note 9} Ep., 147. 6.

^{page 13 note 10} H.E., vii. 19.

^{page 13 note 11} C. 4.

^{page 14 note 1} Const. Ap., viii. 11.

^{page 14 note 2} Ibid.; Laodicea, c. 43.

^{page 14 note 3} C. 2. Harnack's theory that the doorkeepers derive from the aeditui and the acolytes from the calatores of the pagan temples (op. cit., 85–8) has nothing to recommend it.

^{page 14 note 4} Cod. Theod., xvi. 2. 15.

^{page 14 note 5} H.E., vii. 11. 24.

^{page 14 note 6} C. 15.

^{page 14 note 7} Victor, De Persec. Vand., i. r3.

^{page 14 note 8} Duchesne, op. cit., 348–9.

^{page 15 note 1} Sozomen, H.E., vii. 19.

^{page 15 note 2} iii. 13; cf. ii. 34.

^{page 15 note 3} Const. Ap. viii. 4, 46.

^{page 15 note 4} C. 15.

^{page 15 note 5} Lib. Pont., i. 5.