^{page 12 note 1} For bibliography and valuable historical introduction see Giorgio Pullé's Historia Mongalorum. Viaggio di F. Giovanni da Pian del Carpine ai Tartari (Studi Italiani di Filosofia Indo-Iranica, IX, Firenze 1913Google Scholar), Viaggio a'Tartari di Frate da Pian del Carpine, Milano 1925Google Scholar; see also Cordier, Henri, Bibliotheca Sinica. Dictionnaire bibliographique des ouvrages relatifs à l'empire chinois, Paris 1906–1924, 5 vols., i. cols. 1955–60.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 2} For the only biography of Benedict the Pole see Szcześniak, Boleslaw, ‘Benedykt Polak z Wroclawia. Srodowisko, zycie i legenda,’ in Duszpasterz Polski Zagranica, Nos. 1–2, Rome 1951, 181–96.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 3} The importance of the participation of Benedict in the Halicz Union was overlooked by Nikolai Dashkievich, Kniazhenie Danila Romanovicha po Russkim i innostronnym izviestiam, Kiev 1873, and in ‘Peregovory papy s Danilom Galitskim ob unii Iugo-zapadnoi Rusi s katolichestvom,’ in Universitetkia Izviestia, xxiv, Kiev 1885, 136–81; also Chubaty, Mikola, Zackidna Ukraina i Rim u XIII viki u svoick zmaganiack do tserkovnoi unii, Lwów 1917Google Scholar, in the series Zapiski Naukovogo Tovaristva Imieni Shevchenka, cxxiii-cxxiv; Tomaszewski, Stefan, Ruski epizod soboru Lugduńskiego 1245. Szkic historyczny, Lwów: Lwow.Tow. Hist., 1927Google Scholar; Pashuto, V., ‘O politike papskoi kurii na Rusi (XIII vek)’, in Voprosy Istorii, (May 1949, Moscow), 52–76Google Scholar. All these authors are partial, prejudiced and treat their subject with modern political ends in mind and not as objective historical research, especially V. Pashuto, a Communist Soviet historian.

^{page 13 note 1} The most reliable approach to the question of the Halicz Union may be found in Abraham, Wladyslaw, Powstanie organixacji košciola lacińskiego na Rusi, 2 vols., Lwów 1904, i. 71, 120–26Google Scholar; Umisńki, Jósef, Niebezpieczeństwo tatarskie w polowie XIIIw. i papieź Innocenty IV, Lwów 1922Google Scholar, and also A. Petrushevych, Tainyie perehovory kniazia Danila Romanovycha Z rymskim prestolom. Istoria izvistie o tserkvy sv. Pantaleimona blys Halycha, Lwów 1881. These authors, however, made some errors in dates owing to the lack of a critical edition of the travels of Carpini and Benedict. They dwelt on the question of the Halicz Union rather fragmentarily.

^{page 13 note 2} Cf. Anastasius Van Den Wyngaert, Sinica Franciscana. i: Itinera et relationes Fratrum Minorum saeculi XIII et XIV, Ad Claras Aquas (Quaracchi-Firenze) apud Collegium S. Bonaventurae 1929, ii (1933), iii (1936). Sinica Franciscana is the most authoratative edition of the text of Travels of Carpini and Benedict the Pole. All available MSS. were read by A. Wyngaert. The Latin edition of the work with its introduction and notes is recognised as the essential reference work. Vol. i contains Relatio (135–43) and ϒstoria (144–258). I shall refer to the chapters in Roman numerals and to the paragraphs in Arabic. Relatio is not divided into chapters. For the English translation of these relations see William W. Rockhill, The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World 1253–55, as Narrated by Himself. With two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine (London: Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, No. iv, 1900) and Beazley, C. Raymond, The Text and Versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis as Printed for the First Time by Hakluyt in 1598, Together with Some Shorter Pieces (London: Hakluyt Society, 1903)Google Scholar. W. W. Rockhill's translation of Benedict's Relatio (33–9) is entitled, A Narrative of Friar John of Pian de Carpini Mission; Derived from an Oral Statement of his Companion, Friar Benedict the Pole. Rockhill and other authors before the publication of Sinica Franciscana in 1929 consulted D'Avezac's edition, Relation des Mongols ou Tartares par le frère Jean du Plan de Carpin de l'ordre des Fréres Mineurs, légat du Saint-Siège Apostolique, nonce en Tartarie pendant les années 1245, 1246 et 1247, et archevêque d'Antivari. Première edition complète publiée d'après les manuscrits de Leyde, de Paris, et de Londres, et précédée d'une notice sur les anciens voyages de Tartarie en général, et sur celui de Jean du Plan de Carpin en particulier, (in Recueil de voyages et de mémoires, publié par la Société de Géographie, Paris 1839, iv. 397–779Google Scholar). The first edition of D'Avezac's work was published in 1838 but without the letter of Kahan Guyuk to pope Innocent IV, which is preserved in the Benedict MS. in the Vienna State Library.

^{page 13 note 3} Relatio, i: ‘Qui mediante Conrado duce Polonorum pervenerunt Kioviam, civitatem. Ruscie que nunc est sub servitute Thartarorum.’

^{page 14 note 1} ϒstoria, ix. 2.

^{page 14 note 2} Wlodarski, Bronislaw, ‘Rola Konrada Mazowieckiego w stosunkach polsko-ruskich’, Archiwum Towarzystwa Naukowego we Lwowie, XIX (1937), 111–31.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 3} Cf. Joannis Dlugossii seu Longinis canonici Cracoviensis historiae Polonicae libri XII. Ad veterrimorum librorum et manuscriptorum fidem recensuit, variis lectionibus annotationibusque instruxit Ignatius Żegota Pauli cura et impensis Alexandri Przeździecki, Cracoviae 1863–87, xi. 283.

^{page 14 note 4} Ibid., xi. 284.

^{page 14 note 5} Zachorowski, St., Dzieje Polski sredniowiecznej, 2 vols., Krakow 1926, 761, 199–200.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 6} ϒstoria, ix. 2, 3.

^{page 15 note 1} Cf. B. Wlodarski, op. cit, 85–90. For the supplementary study of the implication of the Ruthenian-Polish relations see Fijalek, Jan, S. P. Stanislawa Zachorowskiego studja do dziejow wieku XIII w pierwszej jego potowie, Krakow 1920, 5–15, 18–25.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 2} Cf. N. de Baumgarten, ‘Genealogies et marriages occidentaux des Rurikides Russes de X^e au XIII^e in Orientalia Christiana, No. 35 (1927), No. 94 (1934). See also Balzer, Oskar, Genealogia Piastow, Krakow 1895Google Scholar; Ketrzynski, Stanislaw, ‘Na marginesie Genealogji Piastow, in Przeglad Historyczny, xxix. fasc. 2, Warsaw 1931Google Scholar; Dvornik, Francis, The Making of Central and Eastern Europe, London 1949, 253–4Google Scholar; de Baumgarten, N., ‘Halitch et Ostrog’ with three genealogical tables, in Orientalia Christiana Periodica, III (1937), 161–80.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 3} See Stryjkowski, Maciej, Kronika polska, litewska, zmodzka i wszystkiej Rusi…, 2 vols., Warsaw 1864, 209–10.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 4} Cf. A. Petrushevych, Tainyie perehovory, 52–68.

^{page 14 note 5} ϒstoria, ix. 2.

^{page 14 note 6} A dramatic description of Daniel's travel to Badu is in the Ipatievskaya Letopis, Polnoie sobranie Russkick letopisici, … Arckeograflcheskoiu Komissieiu, St. Petersburg 1843, ii. 184–5.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 1} The Ipatievskaya Letopis (185) says that Daniel was secured from the Hungarian interventions because of Badu's protection.

^{page 15 note 2} Cf. Theodosius Haluscynskyj, Acta Innocentii PP. III (1198–1216) e registris Vaticanis, Fontes, ser. III, Rome 1946, Codificazione Canonica Orientale, ii. 101–5.

^{page 15 note 3} ϒstoria, ix. 3. See also Mathias de Miechow, Tractatus de duabus Sarmatijs, Asiana et Europiana, et de contentis in eis, Cracow 1517, 138, about the conference in Cracow: ‘… ad Cracoviam deducti a Boleslao Pudico, a genetrice eius Grzimislava et a Prandota, ordinario loci, benigne suscepti et habiti sunt … Tulit autem fortuna, ut esset apud Boleslaum Pudicum, principem Cracoviae atque Sandomiriae, Vasilko, princeps Russiae, nepos matri suae. Huic itaque commendati in Russiam per ipsum deducti sunt.’

^{page 17 note 1} For the study of the close family ties of the personages of the Cracow Conference see note 2, p. 159, and the genealogical table in Wlodarski's, B. ‘Polityka ruska Leszka Bialego,’ in Archiwum Towarzystwa Naukowego we Lwowie, III, Lwów 1927.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 2} Cf. Abraham, W., Powstanie organizacji kosciola lacinskiego na Rusi, rozdz. II, Poczatki arcybiskupstwa lacinskiego we Lwowie, Lwów 1909Google Scholar, rozdz. I; Baracz, Sadok, Rys dziejow zakonu kaznodziejskiego w Polsce, 2 vols., Lwów 1861Google Scholar, rozdz. V-VI.

^{page 17 note 3} Joannis Dlugossii opera omnia, iii. 297–8; xi. 309–10.

^{page 18 note 1} Joannis Dlugossii opera omnia, xi. 309: ‘Et licet pontifices Poloniae, et signanter Prandotha Cracoviensium antistes, promissum tarn temerarium Danieli Duci et suis nuntiis factum, rescindere Opizonem Legatum Apostolicum multifariis argumentis persuaderent, quippe qui probe naturam et mores Danieli Ducis, et eius fluxam, vaframque fidem optime dinoscentes, certo certius sciebant, Danielem Ducem suis promissionibus temeratis, et religioni nostrae et Summo Pontifici ac ipsi Legato Opizoni fallaciter illusurum …’. also M. Stryjkowski, Kronika, i. 291.

^{page 18 note 2} N. Dashkievich, Kniazhenie Danila, 136.

^{page 18 note 3} ϒstoria, ix. 3: ‘… Unde nos secum duxit in terrain ipsius …, et fecisset nobis venire Episcopes suos de nostro rogatu, legimus eis litteras domini Pape, in quibus monebat eos quod deberent ad Ecclesie unitatem sancte matris. Nos etiam nomuimus eos et etiam induximus, in quantum potuimus, tam ducem quam Episcopos et alios omnes qui convenerant ad illud idem …’. It is most difficult to ascertain the names of bishops participating in the Halicz Conference, but the following contribution by N. de Bamgarten may be of some help: Chronologie ecclesiastique des terns Russes du X^e au XIII^e sièle, being fasc. i of Orientalia Christiana, xvii (1930).Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 4} Joannes Hyacinthus Sbaralea, Bullarium Franciscanum Romanorum Pontificum constitutiones, epistolas, ac diplomata continens…, 4 vols., Rome 1759–68, i. 362 (No. 81). The full title is as follows: ‘Venerabilibus Fratribus Universis Patriarchus, Archepiscopis, Episcopis in Terris Bulgarorum, Blacorum, Gazarorum, Sclavorum, Serviorum, Alanorum, Zicororum, Gothorum, Iberorum, Georgianorum, Armenorum, Nubianorum, Nestorianorum, ceterorumque Christianorum Orientis Deum diligere, et timere.’ This bull was preceded by the Cum Hora Undecima, dated 21 March 1245, commending Franciscan Friars to work among Ruthenian Schismatics: see J. H. Sbaralea, Bullarium, i. 360–2.

^{page 18 note 5} N. Dashkievich, Peregovory papy s Danilom, 163.

^{page 19 note 1} N. Dashkievich, Kniazhenie Danila, 139.

^{page 19 note 2} Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana, ed. Jan Pta–46, iii. 28: ‘… eundem Auctoritatem quam habent hii, qui sunt ad Tartaros destinati’. The papal delegate, ‘Joannes de Piano Carpino’, is mentioned in the solemn letter of Innocent IV, Pater futuri saeculi, dated 23 January 1248, and sent to the duke Alexander of Suzdal. The pope mentioned that the duke's father, Yaroslav, joined the Roman Church because of Carpini's mediation.

^{page 19 note 3} ϒstoria, ix. 4; Relatio, i.

^{page 19 note 4} Ibid., ix. 49.

^{page 19 note 5} Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana, iii. 26–7.

^{page 19 note 6} Ibid., iii. 27–8.

^{page 20 note 1} Makari, archbishop of Kharkov, Istoriya Russkoi tserkvi v period Mongolskii, St. Petersburg 1866, 2–14, 305–6Google Scholar. Much ink has been wasted by certain scholars to prove that ‘Petrus, Archiepiscopus Ruthenus qui neque Latinam, neque Graecam, neque Hebraicam novit linguam’, as Matthew of Paris noted in his Chronica, ed. Luard, H. R., 7 vols., London 1872–1983, iv. 386–9Google Scholar, and as others repeated after him, was a Ruthenian Catholic Metropolitan participating in the Council of Lyons in 1245. The present author is working on a paper about this ‘metropolitan’, who did not exist at all. A prominent historian, A. M. Amman, S.J., in his Storia della Mesa Russa e dei paesi limitrofi, Turin 1948, 49, calls Peter ‘ignoto personaggio’.

^{page 20 note 2} ϒstoria, ix. 48.