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Marian Exiles and Cambridge Puritanism: James Pilkington's ‘Halfe a Score’
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 March 2011
Extract
The importance of the influence of returned Marian exiles on the origins of Elizabethan Puritanism has been widely recognised. The majority of the exiles, even those who had been ‘Coxians’ in the Frankfort disputes, were men who from the outset regarded the Elizabethan Settlement as a compromise, a mere step on the road to full reformation. Both in Parliament and in the Lower House of Convocation in 1563 small but determined and vociferous groups of exiles pressed for and carried others with them in support of radical reforming measures. The vestiarian controversy marked a turning-point, for it threw up the problems of priorities and obedience to the magistrate in a peculiarly stark form. In the need to resolve these problems many of the exiles found themselves committed, with greater or less reluctance, to an ‘establishment’ position and parted company with the younger radicals who became the leaders of Presbyterian Puritanism in the 1570s. But it was nevertheless from the exiles that the Puritans had first learned to treat the English Church as only imperfectly reformed and the work of rooting out popery as a work which had scarcely begun.
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References
page 137 note 1 Reformation and Reaction in Tudor Cambridge, Cambridge 1958, 89–91.Google Scholar
page 137 note 2 The story is told with vivacity in Porter, op. cit., chap, vi; corrections, additions and re-assessment will be found in my ‘The Career and Thought of Dr. William Fulke (1537–1589)’ (Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, 1973), chap. ii.
page 138 note 1 Of the 33 Fellows who signed the three petitions for Cartwright, eight were Fellows of St. John's. Porter (op. cit., 208) identified only six of these, but the full list is: Christopher Kyrkland, Robert Rhodes, John Sone, George Joye, Laurence Wasshingtone, Thomas Barber, Thomas Leache, John Knewstub.
page 138 note 2 See Porter, op. cit., chap. ix.
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page 139 note 1 Ibid., 65.
page 139 note 2 Ibid., 4.
page 139 note 3 Ibid., 25, cf. 43.
page 139 note 4 Ibid., 38.
page 139 note 5 Ibid., 45.
page 139 note 6 Ibid., 34.
page 140 note 1 Ibid., 41.
page 140 note 2 Ibid., 24.
page 140 note 3 Ibid., 321.
page 140 note 4 Ibid., 68, 112, 114 f.
page 140 note 5 Ibid., 79.
page 140 note 6 Ibid., 37 f., 143–145, 158, 197 f.
page 140 note 7 Ibid., 197.
page 140 note 8 Ibid., 99–101.
page 140 note 9 S.P.12/38/13.
page 141 note 1 Pilkington, op. cit., 82.
page 141 note 2 Op. cit., 106 f.
page 141 note 3 The first college Rental Book provides lists of Fellows to whom ‘stipendia’ were paid in each quarter of the year, for the years 1556–1575; similar information is provided for the years 1547–1549 by ‘The later part of the old Bursers Booke’, but for the period 1550–1555 accurate lists of Fellows cannot be drawn up. Most admissions to fellowships after 1546 are listed in the First Register (and printed in Baker, Thomas, History of the College of St. John the Evangelist, Cambridge, ed. Mayor, J. E. B., Cambridge 1869Google Scholar, where the available information about admissions before 1547 is also collected). Full records of the holders of college offices can be compiled from the Rental Book and the First Register. We also have complete lists of the members of the college drawn up in August 1564 at the time of the Queen's visit (Baker MS. B, p. 111) and in December 1565 at the time of the vestments disputes (S.P.12/38/16.I). All figures and biographical information about Fellows in this article are from these sources or from J. and Venn, J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses, Part 1, Cambridge 1922–1927Google Scholar, unless otherwise noted. Earlier writers have sometimes dated the Rentals a year too early: the dating system is explained in Howard, H. F., An Account of the Finances of the College of St. John 1511–1926, Cambridge 1935. 18 f.Google Scholar
page 141 note 4 George Hunter, the President, who became rector of Swineshead, Hunts., 1558–1569, and John Raines (who is not listed in Venn).
page 141 note 5 Another, Miles Buckley, died at about the same time.
page 141 note 6 The President was Thomas Willan, the Deans were George Storie and Valentine Tailer, the Junior Bursar was William Atkinson, the Sacrist was Henry Howeman. George Storie, Christopher Tatam, and Edward Watkinson (though Venn states incorrectly that he died in 1554!) were college preachers. Other deprived Fellows were Charles Wright, Thomas Croft, Thomas Shilito, Henry Warren, Philip Sherwood.
page 141 note 7 Peter Foster, Richard Armestead, Nicholas Cobbe, William Harrington, Henry Cockcroft, John Berryman (Beerman).
page 141 note 8 Probably this was not true of Cockcroft, who was the son of his namesake the Marian exile and was ordained in 1564, and Berryman, who was re-admitted in 1562.
page 141 note 9 Three of the Fellows admitted at the Visitation (Kelke, Sherman, Locke) had also left before 1560.
page 142 note 1 George Hull and John Laurence: elections not recorded in the Register, but must be inferred from the Rental for 1559.
page 142 note 2 S.P.12/17/9.
page 142 note 3 Harrison, W. J., Notes on the Masters, Fellows, Scholars and Exhibitioners of Clare College, Cambridge 1935, 25; not noted by Venn.Google Scholar
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page 142 note 5 Ibid., 203.
page 142 note 6 Ibid, 338.
page 142 note 7 Ibid, 331.
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page 142 note 9 Harrison, loc. cit.; not noted by Venn.
page 143 note 1 Porter, op. cit., 89 f. The only other returned exiles listed by Porter are Robert Beaumont, Edmund Chapman, George Acworth, Richard Rogers, Edmund Grindal (as non-resident Master of Pembroke), and perhaps Anthony Mayhew. To these should be added John Pilkington (another of the Pilkington brothers), who resumed his fellowship at Pembroke in 1559 (Pembroke College Accounts (MS. Max) 1558: ‘Generates Expensae’) and was President of Pembroke in January 1560 (Pembroke College Deeds (Soham) K1).
page 143 note 2 Grace Book Δ, ed. Venn, J., Cambridge 1910, 572.Google Scholar
page 143 note 3 Bartholomew Dodington (Fellow 1552–1562), John Lakyn (Fellow 1553–1561), Robert Dakyns (Fellow 1553–1561), Richard Curteys (Fellow 1553–1567).
page 144 note 1 Ascham, Roger, The Scholemaster, ed. Mayor, J. E. B., 1863, 163–165Google Scholar; cf. Mullinger, J. B., The University of Cambridge, Cambridge 1884, ii. 36 ff.Google Scholar
page 144 note 2 See extracts from the statutes printed in Pilkington, op. cit., 662 ff.
page 144 note 3 Rental 1561: ‘Expensae Necessariae’: 1st and 4th quarters.
page 144 note 4 Rental 1564: ‘Expensae Necessariae’: 2nd and 4th quarters.
page 144 note 5 Rental 1559: ‘Expensae ecclesiae’: 3rd and 4th quarters.
page 144 note 6 Rental 1561: ‘Expensae ecclesiae’: 1st quarter.
page 144 note 7 Rental: ‘Expensae ecclesiae’: 1559 3rd quarter and 1561 2nd quarter.
page 145 note 1 Rental 1559: ‘Expensae ecclesiae’: 3rd quarter.
page 145 note 2 Rental 1561: ‘Expensae ecclesiae’: 3rd and 4th quarters.
page 145 note 3 S.P.12/38/29.
page 145 note 4 Rental 1562: ‘Recepta forinseca’: 2nd and 4th quarters.
page 145 note 5 S.P. 12/38/2, 7, 11.
page 145 note 6 Rental: ‘Expensae ecclesiae’: 1563 3rd quarter and 1564 1st quarter; cf. Owen, H. G., ‘The London Parish Clergy in the Reign of Elizabeth I’ (Ph.D. thesis, London, 1957), 477 f.Google Scholar
page 145 note 7 S.P. 12/38/29.
page 145 note 8 S.P. 12/17/9.
page 146 note 1 No payment of Fellow's stipend to him is recorded in the Rental for 1561; he was presumably occupied in his parish of Middleton-in-Teesdale.
page 146 note 2 Rental 1562: ‘Expensae necessariae’: 3rd quarter.
page 146 note 3 Garrett, op. cit., 198.
page 146 note 4 S.P. 12/17/9.
page 147 note 1 H., C. and Cooper, T., Athenae Cantabrigienses, Cambridge 1858 i. 342.Google Scholar
page 147 note 2 Porter (op. cit., 90) is incorrect in dating Lever's move to Durham in 1561 (though no doubt he was one of those who Pilkington wrote ‘wold goe with me’).
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page 147 note 4 S.P. 12/19/54; Porter, op. cit., III.
page 147 note 5 S.P. 12/17/9.
page 147 note 6 This is documented by MS. Lansd. 7. nos. 2–7, 67, 69, 74.
page 148 note 1 Under the statutes of 1545, which were revived after Elizabeth's accession, there were to be 32 Foundation Fellows, and there were 19 private foundations.