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Kierkegaard, the Church and Theology of Golden-Age Denmark

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

Michael Plekon
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‘Out with history,’ Kierkegaard wrote in an 1848 journal entry, ‘in with the situation of contemporaneity’, he continued. ‘This is the criterion: as I judge anything contemporaneously, so am I judged. All this chatter afterwards is an illusion.’ In this entry, as in many others, Kierkegaard put forward his own concept of ‘contemporaneity’, while simultaneously levelling criticism both at the historicist impulse in nineteenth-century philosophy and theology and his contemporaries in Copenhagen. In numerous other entries he condemns his intellectual colleagues for envying his genius, failing to respect his worth and for subjecting him to endless abuse.

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The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 34 , Issue 2 , April 1983 , pp. 245 - 266
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

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References

1 The study upon which this essay is based was made possible by a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington, D.C., which allowed me to be in research residence at the Institute for Systematic Theology of the University of Copenhagen during 1979–80. I want to express my gratitude to NEH for this support and to those who encouraged and assisted my Kierkegaard studies, particularly Peter L. Berger, Niels Jørgen Cappelørn, Howard V. Hong, Bruce H. Kirmmse, Paul Müller and Julia Watkin.

2 In this and subsequent references to Kierkegaard’s journals, I shall use the standard citation method from the second Danish edition, Søren Kierkegaards Papirer (hereafter cited as Pap.), edited by N. Thulstrup, indexed by N.J. Cappelørn, Copenhagen 1968–78, giving volume number, category and entry number. Where an English translation exists I shall cite from Siren Kierkegaard’s Journals and Papers (hereafter cited as JP), edited and translated by H. V. and E. H. Hong, Bloomington, Indiana 1967–78, giving the entry number in parentheses after the citation from the Danish edition. The entry cited here is Pap. ix. 1, A 95 (JP, 691). Of the many entries for, against and about contemporaries, see Pap. viii. 1, A 84, 133–40, 160, [62–3, 235, 290 (JP, 5997, 6007, 4119, 6008, 2147–8, 6009, 2149, 4444, 6013, nos. 162, 235 & 290 not trans.); ix. 1, A 166–7, 481 (JP, 6201–2, no. 481 not trans.); x. i, A 131, 177, 189, 193, 218, 235 (JP, 6354, nos. 177 & 189 not. trans., 1055, 2015, 670).

3 Pap. x. 1, A 132 (JP, 693); ix. 1, A 140, 152–3 (JP, 3354, no. 152 not trans., 692). The standard study of Kierkegaard’s concept of ‘contemporaneity’ is Lønning, P., Samtidighedens Situation, Oslo 1954Google Scholar.

4 Sec Johansen, S., Erindringer om Søren Kierkegaard, Copenhagen 1955Google Scholar, translated by Croxhall, T. H. as Glimpses and Impressions of Kierkegaard, London 1959Google Scholar. Also see the material cited in note 7 below.

5 On ‘worldliness’, see Pap. viii. 1, A 519 (JP, 317); ix. A 404, 424,427 (JP, 2753, 2217, 3032); x. 1, A 600 (JP, 3061); x. 2, A 37, 27, 57 (JP, 386, 510, 612); xi. 1, A 56, 263 (JP, 6859, 2764).

6 Rubow, P. V., Søren Kierkegaard og hans Samtidige, Copenhagen 1950, 10Google Scholar.

7 Kierkegaard, Letters and Documents, trans. Rosenmeier, H., xxv, Kierkegaard’s Writings, Princeton 1978Google Scholar, nos. 150, 161, 167, 184–9, 211, 214, 216 (JP, 4060–4242).

8 The account of the Golden Age presented here is built upon the following sources: Vibzek, J., Reform og Fallit 1784–1830, X, Danmarks Historic, Copenhagen 1978Google Scholar; Skovmand, R., Folkestyrets Fødsel 1830–1870, XI, Danmarks Historic, Copenhagen 1978Google Scholar; Christensen, V., København 1840–1857, Copenhagen 1912Google Scholar; Rubin, M., 1807–14 Sludier til Københavns og Danmarks Historic, Copenhagen 1892Google Scholar and Frederik VIs Tid, Copenhagen 1895Google Scholar; Johansen, H. C., En samfundsorganisation i opbrud 1700–1870, IV, Dansk socialhistoric, Copenhagen 1979Google Scholar; Jensen, S., Fra Patriarkalisme til Pengeøkonomi, Copenhagen 1950Google Scholar; Feldbxk, O., Denmark and the Armed Neutrality, Copenhagen 1980Google Scholar.

9 Here and throughout, I am indebted to the most exhaustive and perceptive study of Kierkegaard and his contemporaries, that of Kirmmse, B. H., ‘Kierkegaard’s politics: the social thought of Søren Kierkegaard in its historical context’, Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley 1977Google Scholar, publication forthcoming. Here, see pp. 12–154. I must also acknowledge the finest Danish analysis of Kierkegaard and his socio-historical context, that of Nordentoft, K., ‘Hvad siger Brand-Majoren?’ Kierkegaards opger mtd sin samtid, Copenhagen 1973, 67–93Google Scholar. Also see Gorm-Hansen, S., H. C. Andersen og Søren Kierkegaard i dannclseskultur, Copenhagen 1976, 13–34, 59–70Google Scholar; Bukdahl, J- K., Søren Kierkegaard og den menige mand, Copenhagen 1961, 58–72Google Scholar, and Bagge, P., ‘Akademikerne i dansk politik i det 19. århundrede’, Hislorisk Tidsskrift, 12, iv (1969–70), 423–70Google Scholar.

10 Kristensen, S. Moller, Digteren og Samfundet, Copenhagen 1965, i. 34–7, 147–53Google Scholar. For Kierkegaard’s own observations see Pap. v. 1, B 133 (JP, 3406); x. 3, A 588 (JP, 2712); x. 4, A 196 (not trans.); x. 6, B 43, 258 (not trans.); xi. i, A 21, 177 (JP, 2134, 6879).

11 Moller Kristensen, op. cit., 63–8, 84–90, 181–6; Billeskov-Jansen, F. J., Studier i Søren Kierkegaards litterer kunst, Copenhagen 1950, 13–43Google Scholar; Rubow, P. V., Dansk litterer kritik i det igde Aarhundrede, Copenhagen 1921Google Scholar; Henriksen, A., Kierkegaards romaner, Copenhagen 1968Google Scholar; Holm, K., Jacobsen, M., Troelsen, B., Søren Kierkegaard og romantismen, Copenhagen 1974Google Scholar; Jørgensen, M., Kierkegaard som kritikker, Copenhagen 1975Google Scholar. For Kierkegaard’s criticism of H. C. Andersen, see the untranslated From the Papers of One Still Living in Søren Kierkegaards Samlede Verker, Drachmann, A. B., Heiberg, J. L., Lange, H. O. (eds), Copenhagen 1901–6, xiii. 43–92Google Scholar (hereafter cited as SV).

12 Fenger, H., Kierkegaard-Myter og Kierkegaard-Kilder, Odense 1976, 11–34Google Scholar, 71–82, 96–108, 140–5, 171–254. This provocative re-interpretation of the early authorship and journals has recently been translated by Schoolfield, G. S., Kierkegaard. The Myths and Their Sources, New Haven 1981Google Scholar.

13 Koch, H., Den Danske Kirkes Historic, Tiden 1800–48, Copenhagen 1954, vi. 21–76Google Scholar. Also see Balling, J. L. and Lindhardt, P. G., Den Mordiske Kirkes Historic, Copenhagen 1967, 202–24Google Scholar.

14 Koch, op. cit., 77–122.

15 On Grundtvig see Koch, H., Grundtvig, Copenhagen 1943Google Scholar; Thaning, K., Menneske først-Grundtvigs opger med sig selv, Copenhagen 1963Google Scholar; Lindhardt, P. G., Grundtvig, Copenhagen 1964Google Scholar; Toftdahl, H., Kierkegaard først og Grundtvig så, Copenhagen 1969Google Scholar.

16 Grundtvig, N. F. S., Verker i Udvalg, Christensen, G. and Koch, H. (eds), Copenhagen 1940–9, i. 250–60, ii. 317–49Google Scholar.

17 Op. cit., vi. 1–273.

18 Op. cit., iv. 1–126, 234–352; v. 1–232; ix and x passim.

19 Op. cit., vii. 289–313, 366–480; viii. 1–3.

20 Op. cit., v. 233–51; vi. 274–390.

21 Op. cit., iii. 1–104, 219–93, 359–447-

22 Op. cit., iii. 313–58.

23 With the constitution of 1849, the State Church first officially received the title of ‘The People’s Church’ (Folkekirken), an appellation used earlier by Grundtvigians. See Glædemark, H. J. H., Kirkeforfatningsspørgsmilet i Danmark indtil 1874, Copenhagen 1948, 216–7Google Scholar; Koch, Den Danske Kirkes Historic, vi. 351–61; Lindhardt, P. G., Den Danske Kirkes Historic, Tiden 1849–1001, Copenhagen 1958, vii. 14–33Google Scholar, and Vtkkelser og kirkelige retninger i Danmark, 3rd edn, Arhus 1978, 56–60Google Scholar.

24 On Mynster see Plum, N. M., Jakob Peter Mynster, Copenhagen 1938Google Scholar; Ørsted, B., Jakob Peter Mynsler og Henrik Steffens, Copenhagen 1965Google Scholar; Mynster, J. P., Meddclelser om mil Levnet, Copenhagen 1854Google Scholar.

25 Mynster, J. P., Blandede Shifter, Copenhagen 1852Google Scholar.

26 Here and in subsequent citations from Kierkegaard’s published works, the first reference will be from the first Danish edition, cited above in note 11. The second reference will be from the current English translation. The citation here is SV xiv. 9, The Attack Upon Christendom, Princeton 1968, 7Google Scholar.

27 Mynster, Meddelelser, 189–291; Breve fra J. P. Mynster, Copenhagen 1860Google Scholar; Ørsted, J. P. Mynster, i. 307–541.

28 Mynster, Meddelelser, 146–88; Ørsted, J . P. Mynster, i. 267–306.

29 Mynster, J. P., Pædikener paa alle Søn- og Hcllig- Dage i Aaret, Copenhagen 1837Google Scholar, and idem, Kirkelige Leiligheds Taler, Copenhagen 1854Google Scholar.

30 Koch, Den Danske Kirkes Hislorie, vi. 285–314, 351–62.

31 Mynster, Meddelelser, 240–1, 252–9, 268–70, and J. P. Mynsters Visitatsdagbeger, Kornerup, B. (ed.), Copenhagen 1937, i. 43–58Google Scholar, 78, 132–68; ii. 36, 77, 96–7, 108, 164, 186, 193.

32 Mynster, Meddelelser, 278–80.

33 Balling and Lindhardt, Den Danske Kirkes Historic, 11–67.

34 Koch, Den Danske Kirkes Historic, 315–24.

35 Clausen, H. N., Oplegnelser om mil Levneds og min Tids Historic, Copenhagen 1877Google Scholar; Larsen, J., H. N. Clausen. Hans Liv og Gerning. Copenhagen 1945Google Scholar.

36 Clausen, H. N., Calholicismens og Proteslantismens Kirkeforfatning, Lœre og Ritas, Copenhagen 1825Google Scholar.

37 Glædemark, Kirkeforfalningsspørgsmalet, 30–56, 137–73, 272–348; Lindhardt, Den Danske Kirkes Historie, 68–88.

38 Martensen, H. L., Af mil Levnet, Copenhagen 1882–3, ii. 24–39Google Scholar. Also see Biskop Hans MaHcnsens Breve, Kornerup, B. (ed.) Copenhagen 1955Google Scholar, Arildsen, S., Biskop Hans Lassen Martensen, Copenhagen 1932Google Scholar, and Horn, R. L., ‘Positivity and dialectic: a study of the theological method of Hans Lassen Martensen’, Th.D. thesis, Union Theological Seminary, New York 1969Google Scholar.

39 Martensen, Levnet, ii. 69–81.

40 Ibid., ii. 1–12, 82–98; iii. 1–159.

41 Martensen, Den christelige Dogmatik, Copenhagen 1849Google Scholar, and Den christelige Etik, Copenhagen 1871–8Google Scholar, translated as Christian Dogmatics, Edinburgh 1898, and Christian Ethics, Edinburgh 1888.

42 Lindhardt, Vækkelser, 20–51; Baagøe, K., Vækkelsernes Frembrud i Danmark i Første Halvdel qf del 19. Aarhundrede, København og Omegn, I, Copenhagen 1960Google Scholar; Banning, K., Degnekristne, Copenhagen 1958Google Scholar; Koch, Den Danske Kirkes Historie, 97–122, 211–20, 255–84.

43 Thyssen, A. Pontoppidan, ‘Saskulariseringsprocessen i Danmark’, Nyt Synspunkt, xi (1980), 7–23Google Scholar.

44 Balling and Lindhardt, Den Nordiske Kirkes Historic, 142–60.

45 Clausen, H. P., ‘Den sociale problemstilling ved udforskninger af de gudelige vækkelser’, Kirkchistoriske Samlinger, 7th ser., vi (1965–8), 137–67Google Scholar, and with Meyer, P. and Thyssen, A. Pontoppidan, Kulturelle, politiske og religiøse bevægelser i det 19 århundrede, Århus 1973Google Scholar; Nielsen, O- N., Andagtslitteraturen og de gudelige vækkelser pd Fyn, Odense 1973Google Scholar; Tønnesen, A., ‘Den social baggrund for vækkelserne på Fyn i første halvdel af det 19. århundrede’, Kirkehisloriske Samlinger, 7th ser., vii (1969), 184–217Google Scholar; Vækkelserncs Frembrud i Danmark i Første Halvdel af det 19. Aarhundrede, Thyssen, A. Pontoppidan (ed.), I–VI, Copenhagen 1960–74Google Scholar.

46 Lindhart, Vækkelser, 52–174; Koch, Den Danske Kirkes Historic, 255–84; Baagøe, K., Magister Jacob Christian Lindberg, Copenhagen 1958Google Scholar.

47 SV i. 3–27, 193–203, 257–72, 275–412; ii. 6–8, 144–55, 161–211; iii. 190–5, 220–42; vi. 35–49, 185–370; Either/Or, Princeton 1959, i. 19–42Google Scholar, 217–28, 281–96, 299–440; ii. 6–8, 162–74, ‘82–239; Repetition, New York 1964, 35–43Google Scholar, 92–127; Stages on Life’s Way, Princeton 1940, 46–60Google Scholar, 188–362. Among the best studies of the early pseudonymous writings are those of Mackey, L., Kierkegaard, A Kind of Poet, Philadelphia 1971Google Scholar, and ‘The poetry of inwardness’, ‘The loss of the world in Kierkegaard’s Ethics’, and ‘The view from Pisgah’, in Kierkegaard. A Collection of Critical Essays, Thompson, J. (ed.), Garden City, New York 1972, 1–102Google Scholar, 266–88, 394–428, and S. Crites,’ Pseudonymous authorship as art and as act’, 183–229 in the same collection.

48 See Martensen, Levnet, ii. 4–12; Mynster, Meddelelser, 239–41; Andreasen, U., Paul Møllerog romanticismen, Copenhagen 1973Google Scholar; Fenger, Kierkegaard-Myter, 109–22; Crites, S., In the Twilight of Christendom: Hegel vs. Kierkegaard on Faith and History, Chambersburg, Pa. 1972Google Scholar; Thulstrup, N., Kierkegaard’s Relation to Hegel, Princeton 1980CrossRefGoogle Scholar and, perhaps the finest work to-date, Taylor, M. C., Journeys to Selfhood: Hegel and Kierkegaard, Berkeley 1980Google Scholar.

49 SV vii. 476–7; iv. 363–7; iii. 86–7, 88–93; xi. 150–60; ii. 152–61; vi. 87–174; Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Princeton 1941, 486–7Google Scholar; The Concept of Dread, Princeton 1967, 83–6Google Scholar; Fear and Trembling and The Sickness Unto Death, Princeton 1968, 45–6Google Scholar, 49–52, 170–80; Either/Or, ii. 171–81; Stages, 97–178. Also see Heiberg, J. L., En Sjæl efter Døden, Copenhagen 1965Google Scholar; Møller Kristensen, Digteren og Samfundet, i. 200–9, Albertsen, L. L., ‘Hr. Sørensen. Den personificerede danske Biedermeier’, Kritik, vii (1968), 68–82Google Scholar, as well as the material cited in notes 11 & 12 above.

50 SV ii. 307–18; iii. 61–73, 105, 117–130; iv. 323–49; Either/Or, ii. 343–56; Fear and Trembling, 26–34, 65, 78–91; Dread, 47–72. Also see Nordentoft, K., Kierkegaard’s Psychology, Pittsburgh 1978Google Scholar, and my essays, ‘Anthropological contemplation: Kierkegaard and modern social theory’, Thought, lv (1980), 346–69Google Scholar, and ‘Moral accounting: Kierkegaard’s social theory and criticism’, Kierkegaardiana, xii, forthcoming.

51 SV vii. 11–43, 47–103, 313–35; Postscript, 22–55, 59–113, 323–46.

52 SV iv. 183–221, 228–30, 262–7; vii. 329–30, 485–511. 529–371 Philosophical Fragments, Princeton 1967, 16–67Google Scholar, 77–81, 24–32; Postscript, 339–40, 493–519, 537–44.

53 SV vii. 434–58, 476–85; Postscript, 446–68, 486–93.

54 SV vi. 79–83, 180–370; vii. 154–6, 404–33; Stages, 89–93, 183–362; Postscript, 164–5, 415–45. See also Jørgensen, J. C., Den sande kunst; studier i dansk 1800-tals realisme, Copenhagen 1980Google Scholar.

55 SV ii. 89–104; ix. 72, 185–6, 220–30, 296–8, 344–57; Fear and Trembling, 49–64; Works of Love, New York 1962, 58, 158, 185–94Google Scholar, 252–3, 292–303. See also Lindström, V., Efterföljelsens Teologi, Stockholm 1956Google Scholar; Müller, P., Kristendommen, etik og mqjeutik i Søren Kierkegaards ‘Kjerlighedens Gjerninger’, Copenhagen 1976Google Scholar; Dewey, B., The New Obedience: Kierkegaard on Imitating Christ, Washington, D.C. 1968Google Scholar; Sponheim, P., Kierkegaard on Christ and Christian Coherence, New York 1968Google Scholar.

56 See Nordentoft, Brand-Majoren, 160–260 and Søren Kierkegaard, Bidrag til kritikken af den borgerlige selvoptagethed, Copenhagen 1977, 102–22Google Scholar; Sløk, J., Da Kierkegaard lav: Fra forfatterskab til kirkestorm, Copenhagen 1980, 53–121Google Scholar; Deuser, H., Søren Kierkegaard. Die paradoxe Dialektik des Politischen Christen, Munich 1974Google Scholar, and Dialeklische Theologie, Munich 1980Google Scholar; Elrod, J. W., Kierkegaard and Christendom, Princeton 1981CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also my essay, ‘From Angst to Ambivalence: Kierkegaard’s social and theological modernity reconsidered’, Dialog, xx (1981), 45–51Google Scholar.

57 SV vii. 1–8, 202–57, 511–37, 545–9; xiii. 514–19. 522–3, 529–35, 543. 564. 490–7; Postscript, 12–20, 225–66, 520–44, 551–4; The Point of View for my Work as an Author, New York 1962, 3–6Google Scholar, 12, 22–31, 42, 74–5, 142–51. See also Pap. x. 5 B107 and SV xiii. 436–44; Armed Neutrality and An Open Letter, New York 1968, 33–46, 48–55Google Scholar.

58 Pap. viii. 1, A 414–5, 434 (JP, 6075–6), x. 1, A 280, 315 (not trans.). Also see Christensen, V., Søren Kierkegaards Motiver til Kirkekampen, Copenhagen 1959, 17–26Google Scholar, and Malantschuk, G. and Søe, N. H., Søren Kierkegaards Kamp mod Kirken, Copenhagen 1956Google Scholar.

59 On this ‘optimism’ and on the late Kierkegaard in general, see P. Lindhardt, G., Søren Kierkegaards angreb på folkekirken, Århus 1955Google Scholar and my essay, ‘Introducing Christianity into Christendom: the late Kierkegaard’s theology and social criticism’, Anglican Theological Review, lxiv (1982), 327–52Google Scholar.

60 SV vii. 510–35; x. 219–44; xi. 51–109. 127–36, 150–60, 234–41; Postscript, 518–43, Christian Discourses, Princeton 1971, 226–50Google Scholar; The Present Age and Two Ethical-Religious Treatises, New York 1962, 73–163Google Scholar; Fear and Trembling and The Sickness Unto Death, 146–80, 255–62.

61 SV xii. 22–30, 35–54, 93–7, 119–23,124–34, 193–235; Training in Christianity, Princeton 1967, 26–34, 40–60, 99–104, 127–31, 132–44. 204–26.

62 See Gustafsson, B., I den natt.. Studier till Søren Kierkegaards fürfallsteori, Stockholm 1962Google Scholar.

63 SV xii. 54–65, 131–4, 182–5, 206–31, 307–15, 341–54, 358–65, 402–19, 456–75; Training, 61–72, 140–3, 194–6, 219–46; For Self Examination and Judge for Yourselves, Princeton 1968, 40–50Google Scholar, 78–89, 95–100, 138–57, 196–217.

64 SV xiv. 117, 244–51, 257–64, 333–6; Attack, 95, 205–11, 217–22, 268–70. See also Jørgensen, C., Søren Kierkegaard: en biografi, Copenhagen 1969Google Scholar, v, and Nordentoft, Brand-Majoren, 9–24.

65 Nordentoft, Brand-Majoren, 67–159, Kierkegaard, 102–22; Kirmmse, ‘Kierkegaard’s Polities’, 126–54,872–937. See also SV xiv. 141–9, 257–64, 356–8; Attack, 117–24,217–22, 287–8.

66 Pap. x. 1, A 135, 669 (JP, 236, 4164); x. 2, A 27 (JP, 385), SV xii. 161–7, 185–213, 214–35; xiv. 217–25, 257–72, 314, 325, 356; Training, 172–9, 197–226, 227–50; Attack, 181–7, 217–30, 251, 261, 287.

67 Mynster, Meddelelser, 194–6, 227–9, 250–2, 268–75; Martensen, Levnet, ii. 49–69; iii. 29–31, 62–86.

68 Pap. v. B 97 (not trans.); vii. 1, A 96 (JP, 5933); viii. 1, A 487 (JP, 6097); x. 4, A 69 (not trans.). See also Pap. xv. 40–4 and Weltzer, C., Grundtvig og Søren Kierkegaard, Copenhagen 1954, 49–73Google Scholar.

69 Pap. x. 2, A 59; xi. 2, A 307; xi. 3, B 154, 182 (not trans.).

70 Pap. xi. 3, B 182–4 (not trans.); i. A 60–2, 202 (JP, 5089–91); v. B 1, 11, 29 (JP, 2370, 2342, 3047, 3082); x. 3, A 304 (JP. 6657).

71 SV vii. 26–35; Postscript, 36–45; Pap. v. A 58, 94 (JP, 5740, 5742); vi. B 29, 53 (JP, 1668, 2115); ix. B 63–5 (JP, 6255, 2013, 2647–9); x. 4, A 79 (not trans.); xi. 1, A 149 (JP, 6876); xi.3, B 184 (not trans.). See also SV xii. 193–213; xiii. 589–609; Training, 205–26; Point of View, 107–36, for Kierkegaard’s views of the individual, and Toftdahl, Kierkegaard, 83–142, for comparison with Grundtvig.

72 Lindhardt, P. G. and Baagøe, K., ‘Borgerligc indretning-himmelskgæt’, Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift, xii (1949), 129–51; K. Baagøe, ‘Grundtvig og den engelske liberalisme’, Grundtvig-Sludier (1955), 7–37; J. P. Bang, Grundtvig og England, Copenhagen 1932; P. G. Lindhardt, ‘Til belysning af Grundtvigs Englands-rejse 1843’, Kirkehistoriske Samlinger (1972), 97–156.Google Scholar

73 Pap. x. 4, A 20; x. 5, B121–4, 128, Armed Neutrality, 47–55. Rudelbach had published works on the question of a Church constitution, Den evangeliske Kirkeforfatnings Oprindelse og Princip, Copenhagen 1849, and on civil marriage and the disestablishment of the Church, Om del borgerlige Ægteskab, Copenhagen 1851. Earlier, in the 1820s and 1830s, Rudelbach and his sisters had become acquainted with the Kierkegaard family through associations with Peter Christian Kierkegaard and Grundtvig. On these connections see Weltzer, Grundtvig and Baagøe, Lindberg.

74 Pap. x. 1, A 162 (JP, 6367); x. 2, A 46 (JP, 2122); x. 4, A 26, 63 (JP, 2130, 4202).

75 SV xiv. 222–3; Attack, 184–5; Grundtvig, Konfrontation. Grundtvigs Prædikener i Kirkeåret 1854–55, P- G. Lindhardt (ed.), Copenhagen 1974; Regeneration. Grundtvigs Predikener i Kirkeåret 1855–56, P. G. Lindhardt (ed.), Copenhagen 1977. Also see Weltzer, Grundtvig, 74–85, and Lindhardt, Grundtvig, 51–2, 108–17.

76 See Pap. xv. pp. 274–83 for observations on Mynster.

77 Letters and Documents, nos. 191, 243, 286, p. 339; Martensen, Levnet, ii. 148; Nordentoft, Brand-Majoren, 160–7; Pao. vi. A 39, B 157 (JP, 172), ix. A 206, 85 (JP, 6173); x. 6, B 175.

78 Pap. x. 4, A 270–2 (JP, 6757–9); x. 3, A 453, 563 (JP, 6681, 6691); x. 4, A 47, 493 (JP, 4200); xi. 2, A 283 (JP, 6844); xi. 3, B 105, 126 (JP, 4242).

79 SV xii. 311–2; For Self Examination, 45–6.

80 SV xiv. 5–100, 217; Attack, 5–72, 181.

81 See Pap. xv. 226–30.

82 Martensen, Levnet, ii. 145–7, 137–44; iii. 12–23.

83 See SV iii. 24–40; iv. 96–134; cii. 301–37; Edifying Discourses, Minneapolis 1962, i. 35–55; ii. 27–66; For Self Examination, 35–74.

84 SV xiv. 5–33, 61, 96–100, 343–5, 362–4; Attack, 5–24, 43, 67–72, 275–6, 292–3 and Martensen’s reply, SV xiv. 11–14.

85 See Pap. xiv. 241; xv. 192, 226–30; xvi. 40–1; and x. 4, A 516 (JP, 535); SV vii. 496; Postscript, 503.

86 Thyssen, ‘Sækulariseringsprocessen’, 7–23.

87 Christensen, København 1840–57, 299–313.

88 Mynster, Visitatsdagbøger, i. l–cxxii, and passim, Martensens Breve throughout and H. Heilsen, ‘Biskop Hans Martensens optegnelser om visitatser’, Kirkehistoriske Samlinger (1974). 89–107.

89 See the materials cited in notes 23 and 45 above.

90 P. L. Berger, The Sacred Canopy, New York 1967, 135–53, a n d idem, A Rumor of Angels, New York 1969, 42–4. 263 9–3

91 Nordentoft, Brand-Majoren, 25–66, 67–159, 265–73. See also P. Müller, ‘Betingelser for meddelelsen af det kristelige hos Søren Kierkegaard’, Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift, xxxvi (1973), 25–43, and Jidem, ‘Grundprincipperne i Søren Kierkegaards meddelelsesdialektik og deres anvendelse i forfatterskabet’, Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift, xii (1978), 123–33.

92 ‘Kierkegaard B’ is the primary focus of Nordentoft’s Kierkegaard’s Psychology, 1–16, 81–110, 347–86.

93 Nordentoft, Brand-Majoren, 221–60, 270–1; idem, Kierkegaard’s Psychology, 240–56; idem, Kierkegaard, 102–22.

94 Kirmmse, ‘Kierkegaard’s Polities’, 78–104, 117–54.

95 Op. cit., 501–947, especially 737–937. Also see J. Sløk, Kierkegaard-humanismens tænker, Copenhagen 1978 and his Da Kierkegaard tav for a different view of Kierkegaard’s intellectual autonomy.

96 Kirmmse, ‘Kierkegaard’s Polities’, 622ff, 777ff.

97 Such inquiry is under way in the previously cited works of Dewey, Nordentoft, Kirmmse, Sløk, Deuser and Elrod. My own contribution, cited in note 59 above and in a monograph in progress, seeks to emphasise the ‘incarnational optimism’ which accompanies the late Kierkegaard’s theological and social criticism.