No CrossRef data available.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2021
The American evangelist Dwight L. Moody visited Ulster on three occasions – 1874, 1883 and 1892 – and his modern, respectable version of revivalism offered a welcome alternative to the ambiguous legacy of the 1859 Ulster revival. Moody stimulated an outpouring of interdenominational activism and may have contributed to a fundamentalist impulse amongst Evangelicals. His legacy in Ulster, as elsewhere, was to energise Evangelicals but at the expense of weakening the ability, perhaps even the desire, of church members to adhere to denominational principles. In that sense, both so-called ‘fundamentalists’ and ‘modernists’ in Northern Ireland in the 1920s were Moody's heirs.
The authors gratefully acknowledge that the research for this article was funded by a Research Project Grant from the Leverhulme Trust (RPG–2018–062). They would also like to thank Professor David Livingstone and the anonymous reader for this Journal for their comments on an earlier version of this article.
1 Bebbington, D. W., The dominance of Evangelicalism: the age of Spurgeon and Moody, Leicester 2005, 42Google Scholar.
2 For Moody's influence see Evensen, B. J., God's man for the gilded age: D. L. Moody and the rise of modern mass evangelism, New York 2003Google Scholar, and Hutchinson, Mark and Wolffe, John, A short history of global Evangelicalism, Cambridge 2012, 123–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 143–4.
3 Daniels, W. H. (ed.), Moody: his words, work, and workers, New York 1877, 256Google Scholar.
4 Scotland, Nigel, Apostles of the spirit and fire: American revivalists and Victorian Britain, Eugene, Or 2009, 154–6Google Scholar.
5 Bebbington, D. W., ‘Moody as a transatlantic Evangelical’, in George, Timothy (ed.), Mr Moody and the Evangelical tradition, London 2004, 83–5Google Scholar. On holiness see Bebbington, D. W., Evangelicalism in modern Britain: a history from the 1730s to the 1980s, London 1989, 162–3Google Scholar.
6 Treloar, G. R., The disruption of Evangelicalism: the age of Torrey, Mott, McPherson, and Hammond, London 2016, 70Google Scholar.
7 J. F. Findlay Jr, Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist, 1837–1899, Chicago 1969, 20.
8 M. S. Hamilton, ‘The interdenominational Evangelicalism of D. L. Moody and the problem of fundamentalism’, in Darren Dochuk, T. S. Kidd and K. W. Peterson (eds), American Evangelicalism: George Marsden and the state of American religious history, Notre Dame, In 2016, 230–80.
9 G. M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American culture, new edn, New York 2006, 4, 320 n. 1.
10 Steve Bruce, Paisley: religion and politics in Northern Ireland, Oxford 2007.
11 There are exceptions: D. N. Livingstone and R. A. Wells, Ulster-American religion: episodes in the history of a cultural connection, Notre Dame, In 1999; D. W. Miller, ‘Ulster Evangelicalism and American culture wars’, Radharc: A Journal of Irish and Irish-American Studies v–vii (2004–6), 197–215.
12 Janice Holmes, Religious revivals in Britain and Ireland, 1859–1905, Dublin 2000, 76–83; Joseph Thompson, ‘The influence of D. L. Moody on Irish Presbyterianism’, in W. D. Patton (ed.), Ebb and flow: essays in church history in honour of R. Finlay G. Holmes, Belfast 2002, 119–40.
13 Findlay, Moody, 124–7.
14 John Hall and G. H. Stuart, The American evangelists, D.L. Moody and Ira D. Sankey, in Great Britain and Ireland, New York 1875.
15 David Hempton and Myrtle Hill, Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster society, 1740–1890, London 1992, 147–83; A. R. Holmes, ‘The Ulster revival of 1859: causes, controversies and consequences’, this Journal lxiii (2012), 488–515; Janice Holmes, ‘Transformation, aberration or consolidation? Explaining the Ulster revival of 1859’, in Niall Ó Ciosáin (ed.), Explaining change in cultural history, Dublin 2005, 120–39.
16 William Gibson, The year of grace: a history of the revival in Ireland, A.D. 1859 … With and introduction by Rev. Baron Stow, D.D., Boston 1860; Henry Grattan Guinness, The revival in Ireland: letters from ministers and medical men in Ulster on the revival of religion in the north of Ireland, Philadelphia, Pa 1860.
17 The legacy of 1859 in the United Kingdom is emphasised by Janice Holmes in Religious revivals in Britain and Ireland.
18 For instance J. E. Orr, The fervent prayer: the worldwide impact of the Great Awakening of 1858, Chicago 1974, 45–51.
19 Daniel Ritchie, ‘The 1859 revival and its enemies: opposition to religious revivalism within Ulster Presbyterianism’, Irish Historical Studies xl (2016), 66–91, and Isaac Nelson: radical abolitionist, Evangelical Presbyterian, and Irish nationalist, Liverpool 2018, ch. iii.
20 A. R. Holmes, ‘The experience and understanding of religious revival in Ulster Presbyterianism, c. 1800 to 1930’, Irish Historical Studies xxxiv (2005), 366–72.
21 Census of Ireland, 1911: area, houses, and population: also the ages, civil or conjugal condition, occupations, birthplaces, religion, and education of the people: province of Ulster: summary tables, Dublin 1912, 37.
22 Figures from Hempton and Hill, Evangelical Protestantism, 103, and Sybil Gribbon, Edwardian Belfast: a social profile, Belfast 1982, 13.
23 R. M. Sibbett, For Christ and crown: the story of a mission, Belfast 1926, 143.
24 D. N. Livingstone, ‘Darwin in Belfast: the evolution debate’, in J. W. Foster (ed.), Nature in Ireland: a scientific and cultural history, Dublin 1997, 387–408.
25 H. M. Williamson, ‘Revival of religion’, Evangelical Witness x (1871), 57.
26 Belfast Weekly News, 28 Mar. 1874.
27 Findlay, Moody, 163.
28 Witness, 3 Jan. 1874.
29 NW, 16 Feb. 1874; Newry Reporter, 21 Mar. 1874; Coleraine Chronicle, 28 Mar. 1874.
30 For Watts see A. R. Holmes, The Irish Presbyterian mind: conservative theology, Evangelical experience, and modern criticism, 1830–1930, Oxford 2018, 57–9.
31 Evangelical Christendom xxviii (Apr. 1874), 126.
32 W. B. Kirkpatrick, ‘Pleas for a spiritual awakening’, Missionary Herald viii (Mar. 1874), 294.
33 Londonderry Sentinel, 30 Apr. 1874.
34 BNL, 5 Sept. 1874.
35 Witness, 9 Oct. 1874.
36 Witness, 16 Oct. 1874.
37 Narrative of Messrs. Moody and Sankey's labors in Scotland and Ireland: also, in Manchester, Sheffield, and Birmingham, England, New York 1875, 76.
38 BT, 9 Sept. 1874.
39 Hall and Stuart, American evangelists, 241, 250–5; G. A. Smith, The life of Henry Drummond, London 1899, 72–3.
40 Cited in ‘Belfast’, Times of Blessing, 10 Sept. 1874, 348.
41 Witness, 11 Sept. 1874.
42 R. W. Clark, The work of God in Great Britain: under Messrs. Moody and Sankey, 1873 to 1875: with biographical sketches, New York 1875, 201.
43 Holmes, Religious revivals, 76–83.
44 ‘Belfast’, Times of Blessing, 15 Oct. 1874, 417.
45 PLN, 19 Sept. 1874.
46 BT, 25 Oct. 1882.
47 Witness, 16 Feb. 1883.
48 ‘Messrs Moody and Sankey. Belfast’, The Christian, 1 Mar. 1883, 16.
49 Hempton and Hill, Evangelical Protestantism, ch. viii.
50 Witness, 26 Aug., 2 Sept. 1892.
51 BNL, 29 Aug. 1892.
52 NW, 25 Nov. 1891.
53 BT, 29 Aug. 1892.
54 BT, 30 Aug. 1892.
55 BNL, 2 Sept. 1892.
56 NW, 20 Sept. 1892.
57 F. F. Moore, The truth about Ulster, London 1914, 227, 228.
58 Irish Evangelist, 1 Oct. 1874.
59 T. Y. Killen, ‘Revival and missions’, Missionary Herald viii (Dec. 1874), 499.
60 PLN, 5 Dec. 1874.
61 Enniskillen Chronicle and Erne Packet, 14 Dec. 1874.
62 ‘Evangelistic services in Monaghan’, The Christian, 18 Feb. 1875, 17.
63 Cited in Hall and Stuart, American evangelists, 385–9.
64 William Park, ‘The work in Belfast’, Times of Blessing, 12 Nov. 1874, 486; ‘Religious movement in Ulster’, Times of Blessing, 19 Nov. 1874, 501.
65 ‘Revival in Belfast’, Evangelical Christendom xxix (Jan. 1875), 18.
66 BNL, 20 Sept. 1875.
67 ‘Proceedings of the Annual Conference at Belfast’, Evangelical Christendom xxix (Nov. 1875), 367.
68 John Kent, Holding the fort: studies in Victorian revivalism, London 1978.
69 John Coffey, ‘Democracy and popular religion: Moody and Sankey's mission to Britain, 1873–1875’, in E. F. Biagini (ed.), Citizenship and community: Liberals, radicals and collective identities in the British Isles, 1865–1931, Cambridge 1996, 93–119.
70 BNL, 9 Oct. 1874.
71 BT, 10 Sept. 1874.
72 Narrative, 74.
73 BNL, 14 Sept. 1874.
74 Narrative, 75.
75 BNL, 25 Sept. 1874.
76 ‘Two days’ convention at Liverpool’, The Christian, 11 Mar. 1875, 13.
77 Cited in Sibbett, For Christ and crown, 188.
78 Cited ibid. 205.
79 BT, 16 Feb. 1883.
80 NW, 3 Mar. 1883.
81 Sibbett, For Christ and crown, 239–40.
82 Witness, 29 Dec. 1899.
83 W. M. Campbell and N. M. Williamson, Shankill Road Mission: 100 years of caring, [Belfast 1988]; Eric Gallagher, At points of need: the story of the Belfast Central Mission, Grosvenor Hall, 1889–1989, Belfast 1989.
84 Johnson, Henry, Stories of great revivals, London 1906, 380Google Scholar, 385; Harkness, Robert, With the Torrey-Alexander mission round the world, London 1904, 57–61Google Scholar.
85 Ottman, F. C., J. Wilbur Chapman: a biography, New York 1920, 232–6Google Scholar at p. 235.
86 ‘Rev. J. C. Street on Mr. Moody's Theology’, NW, 26 Feb. 1883, 8.
87 ‘The “mission” in Belfast’, Times of Blessing, 3 Dec. 1874, 558.
88 Christian Advocate, 16 Sept. 1892.
89 NW, 8 Sept. 1874.
90 NW, 12 Oct. 1874.
91 BNL, 17 Nov. 1875.
92 BT, 18 Nov. 1875.
93 PLN, 20 Nov. 1875.
94 PLN, 27 Nov. 1875.
95 NW, 20 Nov. 1875.
96 NW, 25 Nov. 1875.
97 Ross, K. R., ‘Calvinists in controversy: John Kennedy, Horatius Bonar and the Moody mission of 1873–4’, Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology ix (1991), 51–63Google Scholar at p. 52.
98 R. S. Tosh, ‘An examination of the origins and development of Irish Presbyterian worship’, unpubl. PhD diss. Queen's University Belfast 1983, 155–79.
99 BNL, 2 Sept. 1874.
100 BNL, 11 Sept. 1874.
101 BNL, 17 Mar. 1875.
102 ‘A retrospect of revivals’, Christian Banner iii (Jan. 1876), 189, 191.
103 NW, 4 Nov. 1874.
104 Christian Banner ii (July 1874), 11.
105 NW, 17 Oct. 1874.
106 NW, 6 Mar. 1889.
107 ‘The Belfast Presbytery on Evangelistic Work’, Christian Banner xvii (Apr. 1889), 32, 33, 34.
108 Moore, Truth about Ulster, 229.
109 Witness, 16 Mar. 1883.
110 Witness, 2 Dec. 1904.
111 Holmes, ‘Ulster revival of 1859’, 513–15.
112 Latimer, W. T., ‘Irish Presbyterianism in 1900’, Christian Banner xxviii (1900), 235–6Google Scholar.
113 Holmes, A. R., ‘Revivalism and fundamentalism in Ulster: W. P. Nicholson in context’, in Bebbington, D. W. and Jones, David Ceri (eds), Evangelicalism and fundamentalism: the experience of the United Kingdom during the twentieth century, Oxford 2013, 260–1Google Scholar.
114 Moore, J. R., ‘Evangelicals and evolution: Henry Drummond, Herbert Spencer, and the naturalisation of the spiritual world’, Scottish Journal of Theology xxxviii (1985), 401–2Google Scholar.
115 Unless otherwise stated, the material in this paragraph is taken from Holmes, Irish Presbyterian mind, ch. v.
116 NW, 5 Oct. 1892.