^{page 223 note 1} This was the phraseology widely used, with only minor variations, by the Cromwellian Army and the Congregational, churches in their petitions and declarations for a government by the saints. The Army officers used it, for instance, in their petition of 12 August 1652 to the Rump Parliament and, again, in their circular letter of 28 January 1653 to the regiments and garrisons in England, Scotland and Ireland. Immediately after the dissolution of the Rump, for another instance, a ‘Church of Christ’ petitioned Cromwell not to ‘leave the choice of those that shal govern us to the liberty of the Counties, but that your Excellency will be pleased your selfe to provide Conservators … Able men, Men fearing God, Men of truth, and Men hating Covetousness’. In their official declaration after the dissolution of the Rump, Cromwell and his Council of Officers declared that in their previous negotiations with the Rump, one of their contentions had been that ‘the supreme authority should be by the Parliament devolved upon known persons, men fearing God, and approved integrity’. See To the Supreme Authoritie the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England. The Humble Petition of the Officers of the Army, London 1652Google Scholar; A Letter from the General meeting of the Officers of the Army, London 1653; Several Proceedings of State Affairs, No. 187; The Declaration of the Lord General and his Council of Officers, shelving the Grounds and Reasons for the Dissolution of the late Parliament, London 1653Google Scholar.

^{page 223 note 2} For a closer definition of the Barebones Parliament as a crucial turning point in the development of Puritan millenarianism, see my unpublished doctoral dissertation ‘Saints in Power: a Study of the Barebones Parliament’ (Indiana University, 1969).

^{page 223 note 3} Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, ed. Thomas Carlyle, London 1897, iii. 41.

^{page 224 note 1} Gardiner, S. R., History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, London 1903, ii. 295Google Scholar; Barker, Arthur E., Milton and the Puritan Dilemma, 1641–1660, Toronto 1942, 193 ffGoogle Scholar; Nuttall, Geoffrey F., Visible Saints: the Congregational Way, 1640–1660, Oxford 1957, 131 ffGoogle Scholar; Solt, Leo F., Saints in Arms, London 1959, 66 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 224 note 2} Farnell, James E., “The Usurpation of Honest London Householders: Barebone's Parliament’, English Historical Review, lxxxii (1967), 24–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 224 note 3} Ibid., 42.

^{page 224 note 4} Ibid.,. 26–43. Compare particularly p. 28 with p. 41.

^{page 224 note 5} Ibid., 39. In fact the Declaration of Divers Elders and Brethren of Congregational Societies in and about London, London 1651, was a disavowal of two other pamphlets: A Cry for a Right Improvement of all our Mercies (1651) and A Model of the new Representative (1651), both of which argued rather indiscreetly for a government by the saints of certain specific Congregational churches. Among the signatories of the Declaration, William Greenhill and Thomas Brooks, whose names lead the list, were not Baptists.

^{page 225 note 1} For the church affiliations of Tichborne and Ireton, see Marsh, John B., The Story of Harecourt, Being the History of an Independent Church, London 1871, 9–18Google Scholar; for that of John Stone, see Welford, Richard, Men of Mark’ Twixt Tyne and Tweed, London 1895, ii. 36Google Scholar and Journal of the House of Commons (hereafter cited as C.J.), vii. 258. The Humble Proposals of Mr. John Owen, Mr. Tho. Goodwin, Mr. Nye, Mr. Simpson, and other Ministers has been reprinted in Transactions of the Congregational Historical Society, ix (1924), 21–6. See also Barebone's A Discourse Tending to prove the Baptisme (1642) and A Defence of the Lawfulness of Baptizing Infants (1645). The church affiliations of the other two London members, John Langley and Henry Barton, have not so far been identified.

^{page 225 note 2} Woolrych, Austin H., ‘The Calling of Barebone's Parliament’, English Historical Review, lxxx (1965), 492–513CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 225 note 3} Ibid., 502.

^{page 226 note 1} State Papers of John Thurloe, ed. T. Birch, London 1742, i. 442; Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1647–52, 283; Calendar of the Clarendon State Papers, ii. 196, 223; Raymond Stearns, The Strenuous Puritan: Hugh Peters, 1598–1660, Urbana, Illinois 1954, 388–91.

^{page 226 note 2} Reliquiae Baxterianae, ed. Sylvester, Matthew, London 1696, Pt. 1, 70Google Scholar.

^{page 226 note 3} L. D. [Samuel Highland], An Exact Relation of the Proceedings and Transactions of the Late Parliament, London 1654, 2.

^{page 226 note 4} A Representation of the Late Parliament, London 1655, 2–3Google Scholar.

^{page 226 note 5} Great Britain, Public Record Office, 31/3/91, fol. 65 (Transcript).

^{page 226 note 6} The Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, ed. Wilbur C. Abbott, Cambridge, Mass. 1937–47, iii. 61.

^{page 226 note 7} Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, ed. C. H. Firth, Oxford 1892, i. 359.

^{page 227 note 1} For the family connexions between Cromwell and Richard Mayor and Samuel Dunch, see The Victoria History of the Counties of England: a History of Berkshire, iv. 382,473; Godwin, G. N., The Civil War in Hampshire, Southampton 1904, 381Google Scholar; B. B. Woodward and others, A General History of Hampshire, or the County of Southampton, London n.d., 321–2,412; Notes and Queries, 6th series, ii. 155.

^{page 227 note 2} Quoted in Glass, Henry A., The Barbone Parliament, London 1899, 79Google Scholar.

^{page 227 note 3} For John Ireton, see Frederick John Varley, Highgate Worthies: Alderman John Ireton, n.p. 1933; Dictionary of National Biography (hereafter cited as D.N.B.), s.v. his brother Henry Ireton. For William Burton, see Jewson, C. B., ‘Norfolk and the Little Parliament of 1653’, Norfolk Archaeology, xxxii. 134Google Scholar; “The Church Books of the Old Meeting House, Norwich and Great Yarmouth Independent Church, 1643–1705’, ed. A. Stuart Brown in Publications of Norfolk Society, xxii (1951), 34–5.

^{page 227 note 4} For this particular relationship between Cromwell and Colonel Philip Jones, see Hist. MSS. Comm., Fourteenth Report, Appendix, Part n, 201 ; A Second Narrative in The Harleian Miscellany, iii. 479.

^{page 227 note 5} Calendar of the Clarendon State Papers, ii. 208.

^{page 228 note 1} ‘Inedited Letters of Cromwell, Colonel Jones, Bradshaw, and other Regicides’, ed. Joseph Mayer, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, N.S., i (1861), 226–7.

^{page 228 note 2} Abbott, Writings of Cromwell, ii. 13, 57.

^{page 228 note 3} Thurloe State Papers, i. 396.

^{page 228 note 4} Cromwell said in his opening speech to the Barebones Parliament that ‘we shall tell you that indeed we have not allowed ourselves the choice of one person in whom we had not this good hope, That there was in him faith in Jesus Christ, and love to all His people and Saints’: Abbott, Writings of Cromwell, ii. 63. After the disolution of the Barebones Parliament, an apologist for the newly established Protectorate wrote of the nomination that ‘it was agreed likewise, that such persons should be called together out of the several Counties, as were reputed men fearing God, and approved fidelity; in the choice of which persons that is, in the final selection in the Council of Officers such indifference was used, and so equal liberty allowed to all then present with the Generall, that every Officer enjoyed the same freedom of nomination, and the majority of suffrage carried it for the election of each single member’: A True State of the Case of the Commonwealth (1654), 12–13. Incidentally, it is worth noting that the phrase ‘in the final selection …’ clearly implies the existence of a prepared preliminary list of names for this purpose.

^{page 229 note 1} C. J., vii. 282, 289, 347.

^{page 229 note 2} The listing of John Ireton and William Burton among the members of the radical group against tithes and national ministry is not unconvincing, though Ireton was to be knighted by Cromwell during the Protectorate and Burton was even to support the offer of the Crown to the Lord Protector. After the dissolution of the Barebones Parliament, Ireton was one of those who bore witness on behalf of the millenarian minister, John Rogers. Burton belonged to the Independent congregation at Great Yarmouth, which maintained its opposition to tithes throughout the Protectorate. See The Faithful Narrative of the late Testimony and Demand made to Oliver Cromwell, and his Powers, on behalf of the Lord's Prisoners (1654), reprinted in Rogers, Edward, Some Account of the Life and Opinions of a Fifth Monarchy-Man, London 1867, 219–20Google Scholar; ‘The Original Record of the Yarmouth Congregational Church’, a typed transcript by J. Duncan at Dr. Williams's Library, London, p. 56.

^{page 229 note 3} Woolrych, English Historical Review, lxxx. 500–1; Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, ii. 276. Professor Woolrych seems to have failed to notice this coincidence.

^{page 229 note 4} Woolrych, English Historical Review, lxxx. 500; A Faithful Searching Home Word (1659), 14–16. It should be noted that while the pamphleteer accuses Cromwell of packing the Barebones Parliament, these particulars are not given as evidence in the way Professor Woolrych presents them in his article.

^{page 230 note 1} An Exact Relation, 2.

^{page 230 note 2} Woolrych, English Historical Review, lxxx. 507–9.

^{page 230 note 3} Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1652–53, 412.

^{page 231 note 1} Hist. MSS. Comm., Fourteenth Report, Appendix, Part ii, 203.

^{page 231 note 2} Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1652–53, 412.

^{page 231 note 3} The two members for Herefordshire were Wroth Rogers and John Herring, both of whom had been among the signatories of an address to Cromwell in congratulation of his dissolution of the Rump Parliament. See Original Letters and Papers of State … Found among the Political Collections of Mr. Milton, ed. John Nickolls, London 1743, 92.

^{page 231 note 4} Calendar of State Papers. Domestic, 1652–53, 412.

^{page 231 note 5} Ibid., 415.

^{page 231 note 6} Woolrych, English Historical Review, lxxx. 509 and passim.

^{page 231 note 7} Nickolls, Original Letters, 127.

^{page 231 note 8} ‘The Plas Yolyn Collection of Morgan Llwyd's Papers’, MS. 11439D, National Library of Wales. I am grateful to Dr. Geoffrey F. Nuttall who kindly allowed me to read his own transcripts of the Morgan Llwyd Papers.

^{page 232 note 1} Nickolls, Original Letters, 121–2.

^{page 232 note 2} Christopher Feake, A Beam of Light (1659), 44.

^{page 232 note 3} D.N.B., s.v.; Glass, The Barbone Parliament, 70; John Taylor, New Preachers…. Whereupon is added the last Tumult in Fleet Street, raised by the disorderly preachment, pratings, and Pratling of Mr. Barebones the Leather-seller (1641); A Declaration of the Several of the Churches of Christ, and Godly People in and about the Citie of London (1654).

^{page 232 note 4} Glass, The Barbone Parliament, 77; Notes and Queries, 7th series, v. 456; A Declaration of the Several of the Churches of Christ. 5 The Note Book of the Rev. Thomas Jolly, ed. Henry Fishwick in Remains Historical and Literary connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester, N.S., xxxiii (1895), 123, 126.

^{page 232 note 6} Nickolls, Original Letters, 137–8.

^{page 232 note 7} Marsh, The Story of Harecourt, Being the History of an Independent Church, 9–18; Bulstrode Whitelock, A Journal of the Swedish Embassy in the Tears 1653 and 1654, London 1855, 73–4.

^{page 232 note 8} Welford, Men of Mark ‘Twixt Tyne and Tweed, ii. 36.

^{page 232 note 9} Historical Sketches of Nonconformity in the County Palatine of Chester, by Various Ministers and Laymen in the County, London 1864, 340; Thomas Edwards, Gangraena (1646), 164–5.

^{page 232 note 10} Richard Gough, Antiquities and Memories of the Parish of Myddle, London 1834, 44.

^{page 232 note 11} Nuttall, Visible Saints, 150.

^{page 233 note 1} Notes and Queries, 12th series, iv. 301.

^{page 233 note 2} ‘The Plas Yolyn Collection of Morgan Llwyd's Papers’, MS. 11439D.

^{page 233 note 3} The Records of a Church of Christ, meeting in Broadmeat, Bristol, 1640–1687, ed. Edward Bean Underhill, London 1847, 37, 43–4.

^{page 233 note 4} Nuttall, Visible Saints, 150.

^{page 233 note 5} See the dedicatory epistles to John Clarke by Petto in Owen Stockton, Consolation in Life and Death, Wherein is shewed, That Interest in Christ, is a Ground of Comfort under all the Troubles of life (1681) and The Best Interest; Or a Treatise of the Saving Interest in Christ (1682).

^{page 233 note 6} ‘The Original Record of the Yarmouth Congregational Church’, 38.

^{page 233 note 7} Jewson, Norfolk Archaehgy, xxxii. 135.

^{page 233 note 8} Ibid., 132, 135; Thurloe State Papers, iv. 727.

^{page 233 note 9} Seymour, J. D., The Puritans in Ireland, 1647–1661, Oxford 1921, 22–3, 219Google Scholar.

^{page 233 note 10} Nickolls, Original Letters, 145–7.

^{page 233 note 11} In 1656 he was admitted to the burgessdom of Bedford along with Major-General Butler and John Cokayne, George Cokayne's father. In the following year he signed, with other prominent members of the Bedford Independent congregation, the ‘Humble and Serious Testimony’-a protest against the possible assumption of the title of king by Cromwell. See The Minute Book of Bedford Corporation 1647–1664, ed. Guy Parsloe, Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society, xxvi (1949), xxxii-xxxiv, 99 n. He was probably the ‘Mr. Cater’ in whose house separatist meetings were held in 1644. See The Letter Book of Sir Samuel Luke, 1644–45, ed. H. G. Tibbutt, Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society, xlii (1963), Letter 72.

^{page 233 note 12} Bastian, F., ‘Daniel Defoe and the Dorking District’, Surrey Archaeological Collections, Ivi (1958), 53–63Google Scholar.

^{page 233 note 13} Diary of Alexander Jaffray, ed. John Barclay, London 1834, 36–50

^{page 234 note 1} John and J. A. Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge 1922–7, iv. s.v.; Joseph Ivimey, History of the English Baptists, London 1811, ii. 257–9.

^{page 234 note 2} Ibid., ii. 260–1; iii. 334–42.

^{page 234 note 3} Francis Stanley, A Servant of Christ: a Sermon Preached at the funeral of Mr. William Reeve (1696), 25.

^{page 234 note 4} A Second Narrative, in The Harleian Miscellany, iii. 478, 481.

^{page 234 note 5} See Jones, Rufus M., Spiritual Reformers of the 16th and 17th Centuries, Boston 1959, 266–71Google Scholar; the dedicatory epistle in Mary Cary, The Resurrection of the Witnesses (1648).

^{page 234 note 6} Robert Tichborne, A Cluster ofCanaans Grapes (1649) and The Rest of Faith (1649); Henry Lawrence, Of our Communion and Wan with Angels (1646), Of Baptism (1646), Some Considerations tending to the asserting and vindicating of the use of the Holy Scripture and Christian Ordinances (1649) and A Plea for the Use of the Gospel Ordinances (1652); John Sadler, Rights of the Kingdom … with an Occasional Discourse of Great Changes yet expected in the World (1649).

^{page 234 note 7} Menasseh Ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell, ed. Lucien Wolf, London 1901, xxii, xxvii, and passim.

^{page 234 note 8} See Mayor's letter to William Newland (British Museum, Add. MS. 24861) quoted in W. H. Mildon, ‘Puritanism in Hampshire (unpublished Ph.D. University of London thesis), 266–73.

^{page 234 note 9} Yule, George, The Independents in the Civil War, Cambridge 1958, 116Google Scholar.

^{page 234 note 10} Hist. MSS. Comm., Fifteenth Report, Appendix, Part 11, 29

^{page 235 note 1} Philip Jones, Bussey Mansel, John James, Wroth Rogers, John Herring, John Williams, James Philips, Robert Duckenfield, Thomas Baker, Hugh Courtney, Richard Price, and John Brown: C. H. Firth and R. S. Rait, Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, London ign, ii. 343.

^{page 235 note 2} Sir Robert King, Henry Cromwell, and Jonathan Goddard: Ibid., ii. 356.

^{page 235 note 3} Henry Dawson, Henry Ogle and Robert Fenwick: see Francis Nicholson and Ernest Axon, The Older Nonconformity in Kendal, Kendal 19155 19–22.

^{page 235 note 4} Nuttall, Visible Saints, 148.

^{page 236 note 1} Christopher Hill, Puritanism and Revolution, New York 1964, 29.