Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T06:09:08.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Regionalization and Regionalism in East Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2016

Extract

What will the future of East Asia be like in the years ahead? More than a decade after the end of the Cold War, we are still confronted with the fundamental question of whether a new world order will be shaped primarily by state, regional, or global forces and actors. This great puzzle of both theoretical and real-world significance has been widely debated among scholars and policy pundits of diverse normative and theoretical orientations, only to generate many competing explanations and prognostications.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © East Asia Institute 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

I wish to acknowledge with thanks the support of much of the research and writing of this project by the Gorbachev Foundation of North America. I would like to thank my graduate student assistant Matthew Winters for his dedicated and superb research assistance and Michael H. Armacost, Yun-han Chu, Paul Evans, Anthony Jones, Byung-Kook Kim, and Daniel I. Okimoto for their helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this article. But whatever remaining local, regional, and global mistakes are my own.Google Scholar

1. See Mansfield, Edward and Milner, Helen, “The New Wave of Regionalism,” International Organization 53, no. 3 (1999): 590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2. Russett, Bruce, International Regions and the International System (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967); and Andrew Hurrell, “Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism in World Politics,” Review of International Studies 21 (1995): 38.Google Scholar

3. Rosenau, James N., “The Dynamics of Globalization: Toward an Operational Formulation,” Security Dialogue 27, no. 3 (1996): 247262; and Kim, Samuel S., ed., East Asia and Globalization (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000). See also Kim, Samuel S., ed., Korea's Globalization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. Jr., “Introduction.” In Nye, Joseph S. and Donahue, John D., eds., Governance in a Globalizing World (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2000), pp. 1–41.Google Scholar

4. Hurrell, Andrew, “Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism in World Politics,” Review of International Studies 21 (1995): 549569; Breslin, Shaun and Higgott, Richard, “Studying Regions: Learning from the Old, Constructing the New,” New Political Economy 5 (2000): 344; Haggard, Stephan, “The Political Economy of Regionalism in Asia and the Americas.” In Mansfield, Edward D. and Milner, Helen V., eds., The Political Economy of Regionalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 48. See also Hettne, Bjorn and Soderbaum, Frederik, “Theorising the Rise of Regionness,” New Political Economy 5 (2000): 458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. See Haas, Ernst B., Beyond the Nation State: Functionalism and International Organization (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964); Russett, , International Regions and the International System. See also Lindberg, Leon N. and Scheingold, Stuart, Europe's Would-Be Polity (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1970); and Nye, Joseph, Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflict in Regional Organizations (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971).Google Scholar

6. Mitrany, David, A Working Peace System (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1966 [1943]); Deutsch, Karl W. et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organizations in the Light of Historical Experience (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957); and Breslin, and Higgott, , “Studying Regions.” Google Scholar

7. Haas, Ernst B., The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory (Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studies, 1975); Kim, Samuel S., “Regional Organizations: Political.” In Hawkesworth, Mary and Kogan, Maurice, eds., Encyclopaedia of Government and Politics, vol. 2 (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 982–1001; and Schulz, Michael et al., Regionalization in a Globalizing World: A Comparative Perspective on Forms, Actors, and Processes (London: Zed Books, 2001).Google Scholar

8. Haas, , The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory , p. 6.Google Scholar

9. Krasner, Stephen D., ed., International Regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983).Google Scholar

10. Fawcett, Louise and Hurrell, Andrew, eds., Regionalism in World Politics: Regional Organization and International Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Gamble, Andrew and Payne, Anthony, eds., Regionalism and World Order (London: Macmillan, 1996); Lake, David A. and Morgan, Patrick M., Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997); and Mansfield, and Milner, , The Political Economy of Regionalism. See also Hettne, Bjorn et al., eds., Globalism and the New Regionalism (New York: St. Martin's, 1999).Google Scholar

11. See Schulz, et al., Regionalization in a Globalizing World , pp. 34; Hettne, and Soderbaum, , “Theorising the Rise of Regionness,” p. 457; and Breslin and Higgott, “Studying Regions,” p. 347.Google Scholar

12. Katzenstein, Peter J., “Regionalism and Asia,” New Political Economy 5 (2000): 354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

13. Friedman, Thomas, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1999), pp. 78.Google Scholar

14. Oman, Charles, Globalisation and Regionalisation: The Challenge for Developing Countries (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1994).Google Scholar

15. Schulz, et al., Regionalization in a Globalizing World , and Hettne, et al., Globalism and the New Regionalism. Google Scholar

16. Katzenstein, Peter J., “Introduction: Asian Regionalism in Comparative Perspective.” In Katzenstein, Peter J. and Shiraishi, Takashi, eds., Network Power: Japan and Asia (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

17. Ellings, Richard J. and Friedberg, Aaron L., eds., Strategic Asia 2002–03: Asian Aftershocks (Seattle: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2002), p. 396.Google Scholar

18. “A Survey of Asian Finance,” Economist , February 8s, 2003, p. 15.Google Scholar

19. World Bank, World Development Report 2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2003), pp. 234235.Google Scholar

20. In the latest Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) Report, “Northeast Asia” and the “East Asian littoral” are defined as “critical areas” for precluding hostile domination by any other power. See U.S. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review Report , September 30, 2001, p. 2, at www.defenselink.mil/pubs/gdr2001.pdf (accessed on January 15, 2002).Google Scholar

21. According to the purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates of the World Bank (which are problematic), China, with a 1994 gross domestic product (GDP) of just under U.S.$3 trillion, has become the second-largest economy in the world, after the United States. See Economist , January 27, 1996, p. 102; World Bank, World Development Report, 1996 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 188.Google Scholar

22. See Ravenhill, John, APEC and the Construction of Pacific Rim Regionalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 43.Google Scholar

23. Ng-Quinn, Michael, “The Internationalization of the Region: The Case of Northeast Asian International Relations,” Review of International Studies 12 (1986): 107125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24. Buzan, Barry, “The Asia-Pacific: What Sort of Region in What Sort of World?” In McGrew, Anthony and Brook, Christopher, eds., Asia-Pacific in the New World Order (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 70.Google Scholar

25. Evans, Paul, “Between Regionalization and Regionalism: Policy Networks and the Nascent East Asian Institutional Identity.” In Pempel, T. J., ed., Remaking Asia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming).Google Scholar

26. Ravenhill, John, “A Three Bloc World? The New East Asian Regionalism,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 2 (August 2002): 174.Google Scholar

27. Higgott, Richard and Stubbs, Richard, “Competing Conceptions of Economic Regionalism: APEC Versus EAEC,” Review of International Political Economy 2, no. 3 (1995): 549569; Breslin, and Higgott, , “Studying Regions,” p. 337; Terada, Takashi, “Constructing an ‘East Asian’ Concept and Growing Regional Identity: From EAEC to ASEAN+3,” Pacific Review 16 (2003): 251–277. See also Evans, , “Between Regionalization and Regionalism.” CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28. Mansfield, and Milner, , The Political Economy of Regionalism , p. 322.Google Scholar

29. Bowles, Paul, “Asia's Post-Crisis Regionalism: Bringing the State Back in, Keeping the (United) States Out,” Review of International Political Economy 9 (May 2002): 230256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

30. Bergsten, Fred, “East Asian Regionalism: Towards a Tripartite World,” Economist , July 15, 2000, p. 24.Google Scholar

31. Higgott, Richard, “The Asian Economic Crisis: A Study in the Politics of Resentment,” New Political Economy 3 (1998): 333356.Google Scholar

32. Kim, , East Asia and Globalization. Google Scholar

33. Stubbs, Richard, “ASEAN Plus Three: Emerging East Asian Regionalism?” Asian Survey 42 (May–June 2002): 440455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34. Grimes, William W., “Japan's International Relations: The Economic Dimensions.” In Kim, Samuel S., ed., The International Relations of Northeast Asia (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), pp. 171199.Google Scholar

35. Webber, Douglas, “Two Funerals and a Wedding? The Ups and Downs of Regionalism in East Asia and Asia-Pacific After the Asian Crisis,” Pacific Review 14 (2001): 339372.Google Scholar

36. For detailed analyses, see Johnston, Alastair Iain and Evans, Paul, “China's Engagement with Multilateral Security Institutions.” In Johnston, Alastair Iain and Ross, Robert S., eds., Engaging China: The Management of an Emerging Power (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 235272; and Kim, Samuel S., “China's Path to Great Power Status in the Globalization Era,” Asian Perspective 27, no. 1 (March 2003): 35–75.Google Scholar

37. Bergsten, , “East Asian Regionalism,” p. 23.Google Scholar

38. Kurlantzick, Joshua, “Is East Asia Integrating?” Washington Quarterly 24 (Autumn 2001): 23.Google Scholar

39. Kim, , “China's Path to Great Power Status in the Globalization Era.” Google Scholar

40. Moore, Thomas, “China's International Relations in Northeast Asia: The Economic Dimension.” In Kim, , The International Relations of Northeast Asia , pp. 101134.Google Scholar

41. Wen Wei Po (Hong Kong), November 24, 2000, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, China Daily Report (Internet version) 2000–1124.Google Scholar

42. Grimes, William W., “Japan's International Relations: The Economic Dimensions.” In Kim, , The International Relations of Northeast Asia , pp. 171199.Google Scholar

43. Kim, , Korea's Globalization. Google Scholar

44. Moon, Chung-in and Kim, Taehwan, “South Korea's International Relations: Challenges to Developmental Realism?” In Kim, , The International Relations of Northeast Asia , pp. 251279.Google Scholar

45. Korea Herald , October 16, 2002.Google Scholar

46. Deutsch, , Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. Google Scholar

47. Evans, Paul, “Reinventing East Asia: Multilateral Cooperation and Regional Order,” Harvard International Review 18, no. 2 (Spring 1996): 17.Google Scholar

48. Russett, Bruce and Oneal, John, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence and International Organizations (New York: Norton, 2001).Google Scholar

49. Brooke, James, “Korea Feeling Pressure as China Grows,” New York Times , January 8, 2003, pp. W1, W7.Google Scholar

50. Johnston, and Evans, , “China's Engagement with Multilateral Security Institutions,” p. 257.Google Scholar

51. Mitrany, , A Working Peace System. Google Scholar

52. Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).Google Scholar

53. See “Armed Conflicts and Fatalities 1945–1994.” In Military Balance 1997/98 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1997).Google Scholar

54. See Freedom House, Freedom in the World Country Rating 1972–73 to 2001–2002 , at www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/FHSCORES.xls, accessed on August 15, 2003.Google Scholar

55. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (Washington, D.C.: IMF, October 1999), p. 115.Google Scholar

56. World Bank, World Development Report 2003 , pp. 238239.Google Scholar

57. Ibid., pp. 234235.Google Scholar

58. Towards an East Asian Community: Region of Peace, Prosperity, and Progress , East Asia Vision Group (EAVG) Report, October 2001, at www.aswansec.org; EAVG comprises twenty-six high-profile nongovernmental experts from the ASEAN+3 member states, headed by Han Sung Joo of Korea.Google Scholar

59. East Asia Study Group (EASG), Final Report of the East Asia Study Group , November 2002, p. 5, at www.aseansec.org.Google Scholar

60. Ravenhill, , “A Three Bloc World?” p. 183.Google Scholar

61. Ibid., p. 192.Google Scholar

62. It is a stretch to call the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) a security regime in the usual sense of the term.Google Scholar

63. Kim, Samuel S., “Chinese–North Korean Relations at a Crossroads,” International Journal of Korean Studies 7, no. 1 (Spring–Summer 2003).Google Scholar

64. Evans, , “Between Regionalization and Regionalism.” Google Scholar

65. Alagappa, Muthiah, “Managing Asian Security: Competition, Cooperation, and Evolutionary Change.” In Alagappa, Muthiah, ed., Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), pp. 587600; Ikenberry, John and Mastanduno, Michael, “Conclusion: The United States and Stability in East Asia.” In Ikenberry, John and Mastyanduno, Michael, eds., International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), pp. 423–429.Google Scholar