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Psychological morbidity and parenting stress in mothers of primary school children by timing of acquisition of HIV infection: a longitudinal cohort study in rural South Africa

Part of: Advancing the DOHaD Agenda in Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 September 2017

T. J. Rochat ,
B. Houle ,
A. Stein ,
R. M. Pearson ,
M. L. Newell  and
R. M. Bland
T. J. Rochat*
Affiliation:
Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa Human and Social Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa MRC/Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
B. Houle
Affiliation:
MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa School of Demography, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia CU Population Center, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
A. Stein
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
R. M. Pearson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
M. L. Newell
Affiliation:
Global Health Research Institute, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
R. M. Bland
Affiliation:
Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Royal Hospital for Sick Children and Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr Tamsen Rochat, Human and Social Development Programme, Human Sciences Research Council 5th Floor, The Atrium, 430 Ridge Road, Durban, South Africa, 4001, or: P O Box 37429, Overport, Durban, South Africa, 4067. (Email [email protected])
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Abstract

Longitudinal maternal mental health data are needed from high HIV prevalence settings. The Siyakhula Cohort (SC) is a population-based cohort of HIV-positive and negative mothers (n=1506) with HIV-negative children (n=1536) from rural South Africa. SC includes 767 HIV-negative mothers; 465 HIV-positive in pregnancy; 272 HIV-positive since pregnancy (n=2 missing HIV status). A subgroup (n=890) participated in a non-randomized breastfeeding intervention [Vertical Transmission Study (VTS)]; the remaining (n=616) were resident in the same area and received antenatal care at the time of the VTS, but were not part of the VTS, instead receiving the standard of care Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programme. In secondary analysis we investigated the prevalence of, and factors associated with, psychological morbidity amongst mothers who were still the primary caregiver of the child (1265 out of 1506) at follow-up (7–11 years post-birth). We measured maternal depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder Scale-7) and parenting stress (Parenting Stress Index-36), using standardized cut-offs and algorithms. In total, 75 (5.9%) mothers met criteria for depression, 37 (2.9%) anxiety and 134 (10.6%) parenting stress. Using complete case logistic regression (n=1206 out of 1265 mothers) as compared to being HIV-negative, testing HIV-positive in pregnancy doubled odds of depression [adjusted odd ratios (aOR)=1.96 [1.0–3.7] P=0.039]. Parenting stress was positively associated with acquisition of HIV after pregnancy (aOR=3.11 [1.9–5.2] P<0.001) and exposure to household crime (aOR=2.02 [1.3–3.2] P=0.003); negatively associated with higher maternal education (aOR=0.29 [0.1–0.8] P=0.014), maternal employment (aOR=0.55 [0.3–0.9] P=0.024). Compared with the standard of care PMTCT, VTS mothers had reduced odds of parenting stress (aOR=0.61 [0.4–0.9] P=0.016). Integrating parental support into mostly bio-medical treatment programmes, during and beyond pregnancy, is important.

Keywords

anxietydepressionHIVmaternalparenting stress
Type
Original Article
Information
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , Volume 9 , Issue 1: Themed Issue: DOHaD AFRICA , February 2018 , pp. 41 - 57
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Copyright
© Cambridge University Press and the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2017 

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