Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T08:49:32.276Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Size at birth is associated with blood pressure but not insulin resistance in 6–8 year old children in rural Nepal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2010

C. P. Stewart ,
P. Christian ,
K. J. Schulze ,
U. S. Shah ,
G. Subedi ,
S. C. LeClerq  and
S. K. Khatry
C. P. Stewart
Affiliation:
Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
P. Christian*
Affiliation:
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
K. J. Schulze
Affiliation:
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
U. S. Shah
Affiliation:
The Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi (NNIPS), Kathmandu, Nepal
G. Subedi
Affiliation:
The Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi (NNIPS), Kathmandu, Nepal
S. C. LeClerq
Affiliation:
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA The Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi (NNIPS), Kathmandu, Nepal
S. K. Khatry
Affiliation:
The Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project-Sarlahi (NNIPS), Kathmandu, Nepal
*
*Address for correspondence: P. Christian, DrPH, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room E2541, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. (Email [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Earlier, we reported that antenatal micronutrient supplementation reduced the risk of metabolic syndrome and microalbuminuria among offspring at 6–8 years of age in rural Nepal. In the same birth cohort, we examined associations of size at birth (weight, length and ponderal index), and gestational age, with cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood across all antenatal micronutrient interventions. There was an inverse association between birth weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP, β = −1.20 mm Hg/kg; 95% confidence interval (CI): −1.93, −0.46) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, β = −1.24 mm Hg/kg; 95% CI: −2.00, −0.49). Current child body mass index was positively associated with SBP but not with DBP. Birth weight was unassociated with insulin resistance, but each kilogram of increase was associated with a reduced risk of high triglycerides (odds ratio (OR) = 0.64/kg; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.97) and an increased risk of high waist circumference (OR = 3.16/kg; 95% CI: 2.47, 4.41). In this rural Nepalese population of children 6–8 years of age with a high prevalence of undernutrition, size at birth was inversely associated with blood pressure and triglycerides and positively associated with waist circumference.

Keywords

birth weightblood pressurechildreninsulin resistancemetabolic syndromeNepal
Type
Original Article
Information
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , April 2010 , pp. 114 - 122
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Wild, S, Roglic, G, Green, A, Sicree, R, King, H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27, 1047–1053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Yusuf, S, Reddy, S, Ounpuu, S, Anand, S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation. 2001; 104, 2746–2753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.WHO. Preventing Chronic Disease: A vital investment: A WHO global report, 2005. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
4.Gamborg, M, Byberg, L, Rasmussen, F, et al. Birth weight and systolic blood pressure in adolescence and adulthood: meta-regression analysis of sex- and age-specific results from 20 Nordic studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2007; 166, 634–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Whincup, PH, Kaye, SJ, Owen, CG, et al. Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008; 300, 2886–2897.Google ScholarPubMed
6.Joglekar, CV, Fall, CH, Deshpande, VU, et al. Newborn size, infant and childhood growth, and body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors at the age of 6 years: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007; 31, 1534–1544.Google Scholar
7.Levitt, NS, Steyn, K, De Wet, T, et al. An inverse relation between blood pressure and birth weight among 5 year old children from Soweto, South Africa. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999; 53, 264–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Forrester, TE, Wilks, RJ, Bennett, FI, et al. Fetal growth and cardiovascular risk factors in Jamaican schoolchildren. BMJ. 1996; 312, 156–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Woelk, G, Emanuel, I, Weiss, NS, Psaty, BM. Birthweight and blood pressure among children in Harare, Zimbabwe. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1998; 79, F119–F122.Google Scholar
10.Law, CM, Egger, P, Dada, O, et al. Body size at birth and blood pressure among children in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30, 52–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Kumar, R, Bandyopadhyay, S, Aggarwal, AK, Khullar, M. Relation between birthweight and blood pressure among 7–8 year old rural children in India. Int J Epidemiol. 2004; 33, 87–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Haider, BA, Bhutta, ZA. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; CD004905, 1–35.Google ScholarPubMed
13.Christian, P, Khatry, SK, Katz, J, et al. Effects of alternative maternal micronutrient supplements on low birth weight in rural Nepal: double blind randomised community trial. BMJ. 2003; 326, 571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Stewart, CP, Christian, P, LeClerq, SC, West, KP Jr, Khatry, SK. Antenatal supplementation with folic acid-iron-zinc improves linear growth and reduces adiposity in school-aged children in rural Nepal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 90, 132–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Stewart, CP, Christian, P, Schulze, KJ, et al. Antenatal micronutrient supplementation reduces metabolic syndrome in 6-8 year old children in rural Nepal. J Nutr. 2009; 139, 1575–1581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Gibson, RS. Principles of Nutritional Assessment, 2005. Oxford University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Friedewald, WT, Levy, RI, Fredrickson, DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18, 499–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Alexander, GR, Himes, JH, Kaufman, RB, Mor, J, Kogan, M. A United States national reference for fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 87, 163–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards Based on Length/Height, Weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2006; 450, 76–85.Google Scholar
20.de Onis, M, Onyango, AW, Borghi, E, et al. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2007; 85, 660–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114, 555–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Nordestgaard, BG, Benn, M, Schnohr, P, Tybjaerg-Hansen, A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA. 2007; 298, 299–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Mora, S, Rifai, N, Buring, JE, Ridker, PM. Fasting compared with nonfasting lipids and apolipoproteins for predicting incident cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2008; 118, 993–1001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Matthews, DR, Hosker, JP, Rudenski, AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985; 28, 412–419.Google Scholar
25.National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). 2001; NIH Publication No. 01-3670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP): Highlights of the Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 1992; 89, 495–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Zimmet, P, Alberti, G, Kaufman, F, et al. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Lancet. 2007; 369, 2059–2061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Eisenmann, JC. On the use of a continuous metabolic syndrome score in pediatric research. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2008; 7, 17–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Vehaskari, VM. Developmental origins of adult hypertension: new insights into the role of the kidney. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007; 22, 490–495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Norman, M. Low birth weight and the developing vascular tree: a systematic review. Acta Pediatr. 2008; 97, 1165–1172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Dahly, DL, Adair, LS, Bollen, KA. A structural equation model of the developmental origins of blood pressure. Int J Epidemiol. 2009; 38, 538–548.Google Scholar
32.Eriksson, JG, Forsen, TJ, Kajantie, E, Osmond, C, Barker, DJ. Childhood growth and hypertension in later life. Hypertension. 2007; 49, 1415–1421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Victora, CG, Barros, FC, Horta, BL, Martorell, R. Short-term benefits of catch-up growth for small-for-gestational-age infants. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30, 1325–1330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Adair, LS, Martorell, R, Stein, AD, et al. Size at birth, weight gain in infancy and childhood, and adult blood pressure in 5 low- and middle-income-country cohorts: when does weight gain matter? Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89, 1383–1392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Pellanda, LC, Duncan, BB, Vigo, A, et al. Low birth weight and markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in adulthood: the ARIC study. Int J Cardiol. 2009; 134, 371–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Lawlor, DA, Riddoch, CJ, Page, AS, et al. The association of birthweight and contemporary size with insulin resistance among children from Estonia and Denmark: findings from the European Youth Heart Study. Diabet Med. 2005; 22, 921–930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Jeffery, AN, Metcalf, BS, Hosking, J, et al. Little evidence for early programming of weight and insulin resistance for contemporary children: EarlyBird Diabetes Study Report 19. Pediatrics. 2006; 118, 1118–1123.Google Scholar
38.Kaneshi, T, Yoshida, T, Ohshiro, T, et al. Birthweight and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Japanese schoolchildren. Pediatr Int. 2007; 49, 138–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Ong, KK, Petry, CJ, Emmett, PM, et al. Insulin sensitivity and secretion in normal children related to size at birth, postnatal growth, and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I levels. Diabetologia. 2004; 47, 1064–1070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Bavdekar, A, Yajnik, CS, Fall, CH, et al. Insulin resistance syndrome in 8-year-old Indian children: small at birth, big at 8 years, or both? Diabetes. 1999; 48, 2422–2429.Google Scholar
41.Reusens, B, Kalbe, L, Remacle, C. Programming of diabetes: experimental models. In Fetal Nutrition and Adult Disease: Programming of Chronic Disease Through Fetal Exposure to Undernutrition (ed. Langley-Evans SC), 2004; pp. 171–193. CABI Publishing, Oxfordshire, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Garofano, A, Czernichow, P, Breant, B. Beta-cell mass and proliferation following late fetal and early postnatal malnutrition in the rat. Diabetologia. 1998; 41, 1114–1120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Gluckman, PD, Hanson, MA, Beedle, AS. Early life events and their consequences for later disease: a life history and evolutionary perspective. Am J Hum Biol. 2007; 19, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Stamler, J. Blood pressure and high blood pressure: aspects of risk. Hypertension. 1991; 18, I95–I107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed