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Phthalates in neonatal health: friend or foe?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2016

J. D. Bowman  and
M. Choudhury
J. D. Bowman
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Kingsville, Texas, USA
M. Choudhury*
Affiliation:
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Kingsville, Texas, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: M. Choudhury, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, MS 131, 1010 West Ave B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA. (Email [email protected])
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Abstract

Exposure to environmental chemicals has adverse effects on the health and survival of humans. Emerging evidence supports the idea that exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) can perturb an individual’s physiological set point and as a result increase his/her propensity toward several diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, the primary plasticizer found in plastic medical devices used in neonatal intensive care units, its effects on the fetus and newborn, epidemiological studies, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and epigenetic implications. We searched the PubMed databases to identify relevant studies. Phthalates are known EDCs that primarily are used to improve the flexibility of polyvinyl chloride plastic products and are called plasticizers in lay terms. Neonates and infants are particularly vulnerable to the effects of phthalates, beginning with maternal exposure and placental transfer during gestation and during infancy following birth. In line with the developmental origins of adult disease, a focus on the effects of environmental chemicals in utero or early childhood on the genesis of adult diseases through epigenome modulation is timely and important. The epigenetic effects of phthalates have not been fully elucidated, but accumulating evidence suggests that they may be associated with adverse health effects, some of which may be heritable. Phthalate exposure during pregnancy and the perinatal period is particularly worrisome in health-care settings. Although the clinical significance of phthalate exposure has been difficult to assess with epidemiologic studies, the evidence that physiological changes occur due to exposure to phthalates is growing and points toward the need for more investigation at a molecular, specifically epigenetic level.

Keywords

DEHPDNA methylationendocrine disruptorshistone modificationneonatein utero exposure
Type
Review
Information
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , Volume 7 , Issue 6: Themed Issue: Developmental Origins of Adult Mental Health and Illness , December 2016 , pp. 652 - 664
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Copyright
© Cambridge University Press and the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2016 

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