Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T18:18:49.909Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Early-life origins of disparities in chronic diseases among Indigenous youth: pathways to recovering health disparities from intergenerational trauma

Part of: A Canadian perspective on DOHaD

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2018

W. Phillips-Beck ,
S. Sinclair ,
R. Campbell ,
L. Star ,
J. Cidro ,
B. Wicklow ,
L. Guillemette ,
M. I. Morris  and
J. M. McGavock
W. Phillips-Beck
Affiliation:
Nanaandawewigamig – First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
S. Sinclair
Affiliation:
Nanaandawewigamig – First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
R. Campbell
Affiliation:
Nanaandawewigamig – First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
L. Star
Affiliation:
Nanaandawewigamig – First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
J. Cidro
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
B. Wicklow
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada The DEVOTION Network, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
L. Guillemette
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada The DEVOTION Network, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
M. I. Morris
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada The DEVOTION Network, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
J. M. McGavock
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada The DEVOTION Network, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Indigenous women and children experience some of the most profound health disparities globally. These disparities are grounded in historical and contemporary trauma secondary to colonial atrocities perpetuated by settler society. The health disparities that exist for chronic diseases may have their origins in early-life exposures that Indigenous women and children face. Mechanistically, there is evidence that these adverse exposures epigenetically modify genes associated with cardiometabolic disease risk. Interventions designed to support a resilient pregnancy and first 1000 days of life should abrogate disparities in early-life socioeconomic status. Breastfeeding, prenatal care and early child education are key targets for governments and health care providers to start addressing current health disparities in cardiometabolic diseases among Indigenous youth. Programmes grounded in cultural safety and co-developed with communities have successfully reduced health disparities. More works of this kind are needed to reduce inequities in cardiometabolic diseases among Indigenous women and children worldwide.

Keywords

colonizationindigenous doulaprenatal care
Type
Review
Information
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , Volume 10 , Special Issue 1: Themed Issue: Canada / Indigenous Populations , February 2019 , pp. 115 - 122
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press and the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Bauer, UE, Briss, PA, Goodman, RA, Bowman, BA. Prevention of chronic disease in the 21st century: elimination of the leading preventable causes of premature death and disability in the USA. Lancet. 2014; 384, 45–52.Google Scholar
2. Murray, CJ, Lopez, AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997; 349, 1436–1442.Google Scholar
3. Baraldi, E, Filippone, M. Chronic lung disease after premature birth. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357, 1946–1955.Google Scholar
4. Pinhas-Hamiel, O, Zeitler, P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005; 146, 693–700.Google Scholar
5. Pinhas-Hamiel, O, Zeitler, P. Acute and chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Lancet. 2007; 369, 1823–1831.Google Scholar
6. Sears, MR. Epidemiology of childhood asthma. Lancet. 1997; 350, 1015–1020.Google Scholar
7. Ravelli, GP, Stein, ZA, Susser, MW. Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med. 1976; 295, 349–353.Google Scholar
8. Barker, DJ, Winter, PD, Osmond, C, Margetts, B, Simmonds, SJ. Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet. 1989; 2, 577–580.Google Scholar
9. Barker, DJ. The fetal and infant origins of adult disease. BMJ. 1990; 301, 1111.Google Scholar
10. Gluckman, PD, Hanson, MA, Mitchell, MD. Developmental origins of health and disease: reducing the burden of chronic disease in the next generation. Genome Med. 2010; 2, 14.Google Scholar
11. Fleming, TP, Watkins, AJ, Velazquez, MA, et al. Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences. Lancet. 2018; 391, 1842–1852.Google Scholar
12. Barker, DJ. Developmental origins of adult health and disease. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004; 58, 114–115.Google Scholar
13. Symonds, ME, Sebert, SP, Hyatt, MA, Budge, H. Nutritional programming of the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009; 5, 604–610.Google Scholar
14. McMillen, IC, Robinson, JS. Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiol Rev. 2005; 85, 571–633.Google Scholar
15. Chan, LL, Sebert, SP, Hyatt, MA, et al. Effect of maternal nutrient restriction from early to midgestation on cardiac function and metabolism after adolescent-onset obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009; 296, R1455–R1463.Google Scholar
16. Victora, CG, Bahl, R, Barros, AJ, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016; 387, 475–490.Google Scholar
17. Weng, SF, Redsell, SA, Swift, JA, Yang, M, Glazebrook, CP. Systematic review and meta-analyses of risk factors for childhood overweight identifiable during infancy. Arch Dis Child. 2012; 97, 1019–1026.Google Scholar
18. Campbell, F, Conti, G, Heckman, JJ, et al. Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health. Science. 2014; 343, 1478–1485.Google Scholar
19. Engle, PL, Black, MM, Behrman, JR, et al. Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. Lancet. 2007; 369, 229–242.Google Scholar
20. Azzopardi, PS, Sawyer, SM, Carlin, JB, et al. Health and wellbeing of Indigenous adolescents in Australia: a systematic synthesis of population data. Lancet. 2018; 391, 766–782.Google Scholar
21. Anderson, I, Robson, B, Connolly, M, et al. Indigenous and tribal peoples’ health (The Lancet-Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): a population study. Lancet. 2016; 388, 131–157.Google Scholar
22. Canada TaRCo. Calls to Action. Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2015.Google Scholar
23. Amed, S, Dean, HJ, Panagiotopoulos, C, et al. Type 2 diabetes, medication-induced diabetes, and monogenic diabetes in Canadian children: a prospective national surveillance study. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33, 786–791.Google Scholar
24. Daley, D, Lemire, M, Akhabir, L, et al. Analyses of associations with asthma in four asthma population samples from Canada and Australia. Hum Genet. 2009; 125, 445–459.Google Scholar
25. Kozyrskyj, AL, HayGlass, KT, Sandford, AJ, et al. A novel study design to investigate the early-life origins of asthma in children (SAGE study). Allergy. 2009; 64, 1185–1193.Google Scholar
26. Subbarao, P, Becker, A, Brook, JR, et al. Epidemiology of asthma: risk factors for development. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2009; 5, 77–95.Google Scholar
27. Kaspar, V. The lifetime effect of residential school attendance on indigenous health status. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104, 2184–2190.Google Scholar
28. Hackett, FJ, Abonyi, S, Dyck, RF. Anthropometric indices of First Nations children and youth on first entry to Manitoba/Saskatchewan residential schools-1919 to 1953. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016; 75, 30734.Google Scholar
29. Esparza-Romero, J, Valencia, ME, Urquidez-Romero, R, et al. Environmentally driven increases in Type 2 diabetes and obesity in Pima Indians and non-Pimas in Mexico over a 15-year period: The Maycoba Project. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38, 2075–2082.Google Scholar
30. Schulz, LO, Bennett, PH, Ravussin, E, et al. Effects of traditional and western environments on prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29, 1866–1871.Google Scholar
31. Broderstad, AR, Melhus, M. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus in Sami and Norwegian populations. The SAMINOR—a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2016; 6, e009474.Google Scholar
32. Barker, B, Goodman, A, DeBeck, K. Reclaiming Indigenous identities: culture as strength against suicide among Indigenous youth in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2017; 108, e208–e210.Google Scholar
33. Snowshoe, A, Crooks, CV, Tremblay, PF, Craig, WM, Hinson, RE. Development of a cultural connectedness scale for First Nations youth. Psychol Assess. 2015; 27, 249–259.Google Scholar
34. Dabelea, D, Mayer-Davis, EJ, Saydah, S, et al. Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA. 2014; 311, 1778–1786.Google Scholar
35. Sauaia, A, Byers, T. Obesity in US children and adults. JAMA. 2012; 307, 2145.Google Scholar
36. Roberts, KC, Shields, M, de Groh, M, Aziz, A, Gilbert, JA. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: results from the 2009 to 2011 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Rep. 2012; 23, 37–41.Google Scholar
37. Craig, ME, Femia, G, Broyda, V, Lloyd, M, Howard, NJ. Type 2 diabetes in Indigenous and non-Indigenous children and adolescents in New South Wales. Med J Aust. 2007; 186, 497–499.Google Scholar
38. Daniel, M, Gamble, D. Diabetes and Canada’s aboriginal peoples: the need for primary prevention. Int J Nurs Stud. 1995; 32, 243–259.Google Scholar
39. Maple-Brown, LJ, Sinha, AK, Davis, EA. Type 2 diabetes in indigenous Australian children and adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010; 46, 487–490.Google Scholar
40. Minges, KE, Zimmet, P, Magliano, DJ, et al. Diabetes prevalence and determinants in Indigenous Australian populations: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011; 93, 139–149.Google Scholar
41. Young, TK, Schraer, CD, Shubnikoff, EV, Szathmary, EJ, Nikitin, YP. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in circumpolar indigenous populations. Int J Epidemiol. 1992; 21, 730–736.Google Scholar
42. Young, TK, Dean, HJ, Flett, B, Wood-Steiman, P. Childhood obesity in a population at high risk for type 2 diabetes. J Pediatr. 2000; 136, 365–369.Google Scholar
43. Katzmarzyk, PT. Obesity and physical activity among Aboriginal Canadians. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008; 16, 184–190.Google Scholar
44. Liburd, LC, Vinicor, F. Rethinking diabetes prevention and control in racial and ethnic communities. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2003; Suppl: S74–S79.Google Scholar
45. King, M, Smith, A, Gracey, M. Indigenous health part 2: the underlying causes of the health gap. Lancet. 2009; 374, 76–85.Google Scholar
46. Gracey, M, King, M. Indigenous health part 1: determinants and disease patterns. Lancet. 2009; 374, 65–75.Google Scholar
47. Canada TaRCo. Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: library and archives. Canada Cataloguing in Publication, 2015.Google Scholar
48. Zimmet, P, Alberti, KG, Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature. 2001; 414, 782–787.Google Scholar
49. Sinclair, R. Identities lost and found: lessons from the sixties scoop. The First Peoples Child Fam Rev. 2007; 3, 65–82.Google Scholar
50. Aiken, CE, Ozanne, SE. Transgenerational developmental programming. Hum Reprod Update. 2014; 20, 63–75.Google Scholar
51. Martin-Gronert, MS, Ozanne, SE. Mechanisms underlying the developmental origins of disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2012; 13, 85–92.Google Scholar
52. Ozanne, SE, Constancia, M. Mechanisms of disease: the developmental origins of disease and the role of the epigenotype. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 3, 539–546.Google Scholar
53. Cottrell, EC, Ozanne, SE. Developmental programming of energy balance and the metabolic syndrome. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007; 66, 198–206.Google Scholar
54. Gabory, A, Attig, L, Junien, C. Developmental programming and epigenetics. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 94(6 Suppl), 1943S–1952SS.Google Scholar
55. Martino, D, Prescott, S. Epigenetics and prenatal influences on asthma and allergic airways disease. Chest. 2011; 139, 640–647.Google Scholar
56. Groom, A, Elliott, HR, Embleton, ND, Relton, CL. Epigenetics and child health: basic principles. Arch Dis Child. 2011; 96, 863–869.Google Scholar
57. Low, FM, Gluckman, PD, Hanson, MA. Developmental plasticity and epigenetic mechanisms underpinning metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Epigenomics. 2011; 3, 279–294.Google Scholar
58. Dennis, C. Epigenetics and disease: altered states. Nature. 2003; 421, 686–688.Google Scholar
59. Houde, AA, Legare, C, Hould, FS, et al. Cross-tissue comparisons of leptin and adiponectin: DNA methylation profiles. Adipocyte. 2014; 3, 132–140.Google Scholar
60. Ruchat, SM, Hivert, MF, Bouchard, L. Epigenetic programming of obesity and diabetes by in utero exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus. Nutr Rev. 2013; 71(Suppl 1), S88–S94.Google Scholar
61. Hivert, MF, Vassy, JL, Meigs, JB. Susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus—from genes to prevention. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014; 10, 198–205.Google Scholar
62. Gluckman, PD, Hanson, MA, Low, FM. The role of developmental plasticity and epigenetics in human health. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2011; 93, 12–18.Google Scholar
63. Brookes, E, Shi, Y. Diverse epigenetic mechanisms of human disease. Annu Rev Genet. 2014; 48, 237–268.Google Scholar
64. Weaver, IC, Cervoni, N, Champagne, FA, et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2004; 7, 847–854.Google Scholar
65. Turecki, G, Meaney, MJ. Effects of the social environment and stress on glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation: a systematic review. Biol Psychiatry. 2016; 79, 87–96.Google Scholar
66. Bagot, RC, Zhang, TY, Wen, X, et al. Variations in postnatal maternal care and the epigenetic regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 expression and hippocampal function in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012; 109(Suppl 2), 17200–17207.Google Scholar
67. Hatala, AR, Desjardins, M, Bombay, A. Reframing narratives of aboriginal health inequity: exploring cree elder resilience and well-being in contexts of historical trauma. Qual Health Res. 2016; 26, 1911–1927.Google Scholar
68. Bombay, A, Matheson, K, Anisman, H. The intergenerational effects of Indian residential schools: implications for the concept of historical trauma. Transcult Psychiatry. 2014; 51, 320–338.Google Scholar
69. Mosby, I GT. ‘Hunger was never absent’: How residential school diets shaped current patterns of diabetes among Indigenous peoples in Canada. CMAJ. 2017; 189, 1043–E5.Google Scholar
70. Lindstrom, G, Choate, PW. Nistawatsiman: rethinking assessment of aboriginal parents for child welfare following the truth and reconciliation commission. The First Peoples Child Fam Rev. 2016; 11, 45–57.Google Scholar
71. Heckman, JJ. Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science. 2006; 312, 1900–1902.Google Scholar
72. Gottlieb, G, Blair, C. How early experience matters in intellectual development in the case of poverty. Prev Sci: The Official J Soc Prev Res. 2004; 5, 245–252.Google Scholar
73. Maggi, S, Irwin, LJ, Siddiqi, A, Hertzman, C. The social determinants of early child development: an overview. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010; 46, 627–635.Google Scholar
74. Hertzman, C, Wiens, M. Child development and long-term outcomes: a population health perspective and summary of successful interventions. Soc Sci Med. 1996; 43, 1083–1095.Google Scholar
75. Black, MM, Walker, SP, Fernald, LCH, et al. Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. Lancet. 2017; 389, 77–90.Google Scholar
76. Daelmans, B, Darmstadt, GL, Lombardi, J, et al. Early childhood development: the foundation of sustainable development. Lancet. 2017; 389, 9–11.Google Scholar
77. Neuman, MJ, Devercelli, AE. What matters most for early childhood. Development: A Framework Paper. 2013.Google Scholar
78. Giugliani, ER, Horta, BL, Loret de Mola, C, Lisboa, BO, Victora, CG. Effect of breastfeeding promotion interventions on child growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015; 104, 20–29.Google Scholar
79. Martens, PJ, Shafer, LA, Dean, HJ, et al. Breastfeeding initiation associated with reduced incidence of diabetes in mothers and offspring. Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 128, 1095–1104.Google Scholar
80. Halipchuk, J, Temple, B, Dart, A, Martin, D, Sellers, EAC. Prenatal, obstetric and perinatal factors associated with the development of childhood-onset type 2 diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2018; 42, 71–77.Google Scholar
81. Gunderson, EP, Hurston, SR, Ning, X, et al. Lactation and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 163, 889–898.Google Scholar
82. Ziegler, AG, Wallner, M, Kaiser, I, et al. Long-term protective effect of lactation on the development of type 2 diabetes in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2012; 61, 3167–3171.Google Scholar
83. Young, TK, Martens, PJ, Taback, SP, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children: prenatal and early infancy risk factors among native Canadians. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002; 156, 651–655.Google Scholar
84. Bartick, M, Reinhold, A. The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: a pediatric cost analysis. Pediatrics. 2010; 125, e1048–e1056.Google Scholar
85. Chamberlain, CR, Wilson, AN, Amir, LH, et al. Low rates of predominant breastfeeding in hospital after gestational diabetes, particularly among Indigenous women in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2017; 41, 144–150.Google Scholar
86. Dodgson, JE, Duckett, L, Garwick, A, Graham, BL. An ecological perspective of breastfeeding in an indigenous community. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2002; 34, 235–241.Google Scholar
87. Ashman, AM, Brown, LJ, Collins, CE, Rollo, ME, Rae, KM. Factors associated with effective nutrition interventions for pregnant indigenous women: a systematic review. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017; 117, 1222–1253 e2.Google Scholar
88. Cidro, J, Zahayko, L, Lawrence, HP, Folster, S, McGregor, M, McKay, K. Breast feeding practices as cultural interventions for early childhood caries in Cree communities. BMC Oral Health. 2015; 15, 49.Google Scholar
89. Feijen-de Jong, EI, Jansen, DE, Baarveld, F, et al. Determinants of late and/or inadequate use of prenatal healthcare in high-income countries: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 2012; 22, 904–913.Google Scholar
90. Heaman, MI, Sword, W, Elliott, L, et al. Barriers and facilitators related to use of prenatal care by inner-city women: perceptions of health care providers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015; 15, 2.Google Scholar
91. Heaman, MI, Moffatt, M, Elliott, L, et al. Barriers, motivators and facilitators related to prenatal care utilization among inner-city women in Winnipeg, Canada: a case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014; 14, 227.Google Scholar
92. Barros, AJ, Ronsmans, C, Axelson, H, et al. Equity in maternal, newborn, and child health interventions in Countdown to 2015: a retrospective review of survey data from 54 countries. Lancet. 2012; 379, 1225–1233.Google Scholar
93. Carter, EB, Temming, LA, Akin, J, et al. Group prenatal care compared with traditional prenatal care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 128, 551–561.Google Scholar
94. Downe, S, Finlayson, K, Tunçalp, Ö, Metin Gülmezoglu, A. What matters to women: a systematic scoping review to identify the processes and outcomes of antenatal care provision that are important to healthy pregnant women. BJOG. 2016; 123, 529–539.Google Scholar
95. Mazzoni, SE, Carter, EB. Group prenatal care. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017; 216, 552–556.Google Scholar
96. Renfrew, MJ, McFadden, A, Bastos, MH, et al. Midwifery and quality care: findings from a new evidence-informed framework for maternal and newborn care. Lancet. 2014; 384, 1129–1145.Google Scholar
97. Wilson, A, Gallos, ID, Plana, N, et al. Effectiveness of strategies incorporating training and support of traditional birth attendants on perinatal and maternal mortality: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011; 343, d7102.Google Scholar
98. Carlo, WA, Goudar, SS, Jehan, I, et al. Newborn-care training and perinatal mortality in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362, 614–623.Google Scholar
99. Jokhio, AH, Winter, HR, Cheng, KK. An intervention involving traditional birth attendants and perinatal and maternal mortality in Pakistan. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352, 2091–2099.Google Scholar
100. Heaman, MI, Sword, W, Elliott, L, et al. Perceptions of barriers, facilitators and motivators related to use of prenatal care: a qualitative descriptive study of inner-city women in Winnipeg, Canada. SAGE Open Med. 2015; 3, 2050312115621314.Google Scholar
101. Heckman, JJ, Garcia, JL. Social policy: targeting programs effectively. Nat Hum Behav. 2017; 19, 1–4.Google Scholar
102. Conti, G, Heckman, JJ. The developmental approach to child and adult health. Pediatrics. 2013; 131(Suppl 2), S133–S141.Google Scholar
103. Black, MM, Hurley, KM. Early child development programmes: further evidence for action. Lancet Glob Health. 2016; 4, e505–e506.Google Scholar
104. http://www.greatkidsinc.org GGK.Google Scholar
105. LeCroy, C, Davis, MF. Randomized trial of healthy families Arizona. Quantitative and qualitative outcomes. Res Soc Work Pract. 2017; 27, 747–757.Google Scholar
106. Ferguson, J, Vanderpool, RC. Impact of a Kentucky maternal, infant, and early childhood home-visitation program on parental risk factors. J Child Fam Stud. 2013; 22, 551–558.Google Scholar
107. Canada HCo. Understanding and improving aboriginal maternal and child health in Canada, 2011.Google Scholar
108. Wright, AL. Role of the nurse in returning birth to the North. Rural Remote Health. 2015; 15, 3109.Google Scholar
109. Society of O, Gynaecologists of C. SOGC policy statement. No. 251, December 2010. Returning birth to aboriginal, rural, and remote communities. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2010; 32, 1186–1188.Google Scholar
110. Chamberlain, M, Barclay, K. Psychosocial costs of transferring indigenous women from their community for birth. Midwifery. 2000; 16, 116–122.Google Scholar
111. Sethi, A. Domestic sex trafficking of aboriginal girls in Canada: issues and implications. First Peoples Child Fam Rev. 2007; 3, 57–71.Google Scholar
112. Samson, S. Indigenous doulas to give spiritual, traditional support throughout province. CBC. 2016. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/indigenous-doulas-to-give-spiritual-traditional-support-throughout-province-1.3487966.Google Scholar
113. Nanaadawawegimeg. Maternal Child Health Strengthening Families Program. 2017.Google Scholar
114. (ADAC). ADAC. Aboriginal doulas for aboriginal women: an action plan for bringing traditional birthing support practices back into the hands of women: final report, 2010.Google Scholar
115. Darwin, Z, Green, J, McLeish, J, Willmot, H, Spiby, H. Evaluation of trained volunteer doula services for disadvantaged women in five areas in England: women’s experiences. Health Soc Care Commun. 2017; 25, 466–447.Google Scholar
116. Sword, W, Heaman, MI, Brooks, S, et al. Women’s and care providers’ perspectives of quality prenatal care: a qualitative descriptive study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012; 12, 29.Google Scholar
117. Wong, ST, Korenbrot, CC, Stewart, AL. Consumer assessment of the quality of interpersonal processes of prenatal care among ethnically diverse low-income women: development of a new measure. Womens Health Issues. 2004; 14, 118–129.Google Scholar
118. Simonet, F, Wilkins, R, Labranche, E, et al. Primary birthing attendants and birth outcomes in remote Inuit communities—a natural ‘experiment’ in Nunavik, Canada. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009; 63, 546–551.Google Scholar
119. Douglas, VK. The Inuulitsivik Maternities: culturally appropriate midwifery and epistemological accommodation. Nurs Inq. 2010; 17, 111–117.Google Scholar
120. Van Wagner, V, Osepchook, C, Harney, E, Crosbie, C, Tulugak, M. Remote midwifery in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada: outcomes of perinatal care for the Inuulitsivik health centre, 2000-2007. Birth. 2012; 39, 230–237.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Phillips-Beck et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Phillips-Beck et al. supplementary material(File)
File 14.4 KB