Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T05:45:10.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Assessment of mammary gland metabolism in the sow: III. Cellular metabolites in the mammary secretion and plasma following weaning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2009

Craig S. Atwood  and
Peter E. Hartmann
Craig S. Atwood
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
Peter E. Hartmann
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

The concentrations of lactose, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate, UDPglucose, UDPgalactose, UDP, UMP, inorganic phosphate, ADP and AMP (metabolites involved in the lactose synthesis pathway), and cAMP, galactose and sodium were measured in the mammary secretion from four or five mammary glands on each of six sows during the first 5 d post weaning. The concentrations of lactose, glucose and galactose were also measured in plasma during this time. Following weaning, the rapid increase in the concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate and UDPgalactose suggested that the rate of lactose synthesis was regulated by the inhibition of hexokinase and/or lactose synthase, while the decrease in glucose and AMP indicated a subsequent decline in glucose and ATP utilization. The rapid increase in glucose 6-phosphate which plays a pivotal role as a substrate for both lactose and de novo fatty acid synthesis, and the rapid decrease in AMP which reflects ATP utilization, were good markers of decreased metabolic activity. These rapid changes in the metabolic activity of the mammary glands were not observed in a second weaning study when two piglets were removed from selected mammary glands for periods up to 5 h during established lactation. Since concentrations of lactogenic hormones remain elevated following partial weaning, but fall following total weaning (Rojkittikhun et al. 1991), these differences in mammary gland metabolism indicate that endocrine rather than autocrine mechanisms are controlling lactose and fat synthesis during the initial stages of total weaning.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 62 , Issue 2 , May 1995 , pp. 221 - 236
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arthur, P. G., Kent, J. C. & Hartmann, P. E. 1989 Microanalysis of the metabolic intermediates of lactose synthesis in human milk and plasma using bioluminescent methods. Analytical Biochemistry 176 449–456CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atwood, C. S. & Hartmann, P. E. 1995 Assessment of mammary gland metabolism in the sow. I. Development of methods for the measurement of cellular metabolites in milk and colostrum. Journal of Dairy Research 62 189–206Google Scholar
Atwood, C. S., Toussaint, J. K. & Hartmann, P. E. 1995 Assessment of mammary gland metabolism in the sow. II. Cellular metabolites in the mammary secretion and plasma during lactogenesis II. Journal of Dairy Research 62 207–220Google Scholar
Babad, H. & Hassid, W. Z. 1966 UDP-D-galactose: D-glucose δ-4-galactosyltransferase from milk. Methods in Enzymology 8 346–351Google Scholar
Bevers, M. M., Willemse, A. H. & Kruip, Th. A. M. 1978 Plasma prolactin levels in the sow during lactation and the postweaning period as measured by radioimmunoassay. Biology of Reproduction 19 628–634Google Scholar
Chaiyabutr, N., Faulkner, A. & Peaker, M. 1981 Changes in the concentrations of the minor constituents of goats' milk during starvation and on refeeding of the lactating animal and their relationship to mammary gland metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition 45 149–157Google Scholar
Cross, B. A., Goodwin, R. F. W. & Silver, I. A. 1958 A histological and functional study of the mammary gland in normal and agalactic sows. Journal of Endocrinology 17 63–74CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eriksson, M., Lindén, A. & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. 1987 Suckling increases insulin and glucagon levels in peripheral venous blood of lactating dogs. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 131 391–396CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faulkner, A. 1980 The presence of cellular metabolites in milk. Biochimica el Biophysica Acta 630 141–145Google Scholar
Faulkner, A. 1985 Glucose availability and lactose synthesis in the goat. Biochemical Society Transactions 13 496–497Google Scholar
Faulkner, A., Blatchford, D. R., White, J. M. & Peaker, M. 1982 Changes in the concentrations of metabolites in milk at the onset and cessation of lactation in the goat. Journal of Dairy Research 49 399–405Google Scholar
Faulkner, A., Chaiyabutr, N., Peaker, M., Carrick, D. T. & Kuhn, N. J. 1981 Metabolic significance of milk glucose. Journal of Dairy Research 48 51–56Google Scholar
Fleet, I. R. & Peaker, M. 1978 Mammary function and its control at the cessation of lactation in the goat. Journal of Physiology 279 491–507Google Scholar
Gumaa, K. A., Greenbaum, A. L. & McLean, P. 1971 The control of pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in mammary gland. In Lactation, pp. 197–238 (Ed. Falconer, I. R.). London: ButterworthsGoogle Scholar
Gunther, M., Hawkins, D. F. & Whvley, G. A. 1965 Some observations on the sodium and potassium content of human milk. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 72 69–74Google Scholar
Hartmann, P. E. 1973 Changes in the composition and yield of the mammary secretion of cows during the initiation of lactation. Journal of Endocrinology 59 231–247CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartmann, P. E. & Holmes, M. A. 1989 Sow lactation. In Manipulating Pig Production II, pp. 72–97 (Eds Barnett, J. L. and Hennessey, D. P.). Werribee, Australia: Australasian Pig Science AssociationGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, P. E. & Kulski, J. K. 1978 Changes in the composition of the mammary secretion of women after abrupt termination of breast feeding. Journal of Physiology 275 1–11Google Scholar
Hartmann, P. E., Whitely, J. L. & Willcox, D. L. 1984 Lactose in plasma during lactogenesis, established lactation and weaning in sows. Journal of Physiology 347 453–463Google Scholar
Heesom, K. J., Souza, P. F. A., Ilic, V. & Williamson, D. H. 1992 Chain-length dependency of interactions of medium-chain fatty acids with glucose metabolism in acini isolated from lactating rat mammary glands. A putative feed back to control milk lipid synthesis from glucose. Biochemical Journal 281 273–278Google Scholar
Holmes, M. A. 1991 Biochemical Investigations into Milk Secretion and Milk Removal in the Lactating Pig. PhD thesis, The University of Western AustraliaGoogle Scholar
Holmes, M. A., Arthur, P. G. & Hartmann, P. E. 1990 Changes in the concentrations of glucose and galactose in the peripheral blood of sucking piglets. Journal of Dairy Research 57 331–337Google Scholar
Holmes, M. A. & Hartmann, P. E. 1993 Concentration of citrate in the mammary secretion of sows during lactogenesis II and established lactation. Journal of Dairy Research 60 319–326Google Scholar
Hurley, W. L. 1989 Symposium. Mammary gland function during involution and the declining phase of lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 72 1637–1646CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khatra, B. S., Herries, D. G. & Brew, K. 1974 Some kinetic properties of human-milk galactosyl transferase. European Journal of Biochemistry 44 537–560CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhn, N. J. & White, A. 1975 Milk glucose as an index of the intracellular glucose concentration of rat mammary gland. Biochemical Journal 152 153–155Google Scholar
Lascelles, A. K. & Lee, C. S. 1978 Involution of the mammary gland. In Lactation, A Comprehensive Treatise, vol. 4, pp. 115–177 (Ed. Larson, B. L.). New York: Academic PressGoogle Scholar
Linzell, J. L. 1967 The effect of infusions of glucose, acetate and amino acids on hourly milk yield in fed, fasted and insulin-treated goats. Journal of Physiology 190 347–357Google Scholar
Linzell, J. L. & Peaker, M. 1971 Mechanism of milk secretion. Physiological Reviews 51 564–597Google Scholar
Martin, C. E., Hartmann, P. E. & Gooneratne, A. 1978 Progesterone and corticosteroids in the initiation of lactation in the sow. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 31 517–525CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matte, J. J., Guilbault, L. A., Dubreuil, P., Petitclerc, D. & Pelletier, G. 1989 Plasma lactose after weaning and its relationship with lactose content of milk, post weaning plasma oestradiol-17β and weaning to mating interval in sows. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 29 75–82Google Scholar
Nicholas, K. R. & Hartmann, P. E. 1991 Milk secretion in the rat: progressive changes in milk composition during lactation and weaning and the effect of diet. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 98A 535–542Google Scholar
Ôta, K. & Yokoyama, A. 1958 Effect of oxytocin administration on respiration of lactating mammary gland tissues in rats. Nature 182 1509–1510CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peaker, M. 1980 The effect of raised intramammary pressure on mammary function in the goat in relation to the cessation of lactation. Journal of Physiology 301 415–428Google Scholar
Ray, M. & Bhaduri, A. 1976 Uridine-diphosphate-glucose 4-epimerase from Saccharomyces fragilis. European Journal of Biochemistry 70 319–323Google Scholar
Rojkittikhun, T., Uvnäs-Moberg, K., Einarsson, S. & Lundeheim, N. 1991 Effects of weaning on plasma levels of prolactin, oxytocin, insulin, glucagon, glucose, gastrin and somatostatin in sows. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 141 295–303CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, K. L., Conrad, H. R. & Porter, R. M. 1971 Lactoferrin and IgG immunoglobulins from involuted bovine mammary glands. Journal of Dairy Science 54 1427–1435Google Scholar
Wang, D. Y. 1960 Effects of short-term weaning on the acid-soluble ribonucleotides of rat mammary gland. Nature 188 1109–1110Google Scholar
Watson, D. L., Brandon, M. R. & Lascelles, A. K. 1972 Concentrations of immunoglobulins in mammary secretion of ruminants during involution with particular reference to selective transfer of IgG1. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science 50 535–539Google Scholar