Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T18:08:06.775Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Weekly excretion of the mammalian lignan enterolactone in milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed meal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2009

Nathalie Gagnon ,
Cristiano Côrtes  and
Hélène V Petit
Nathalie Gagnon
Affiliation:
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 90, Stn Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
Cristiano Côrtes
Affiliation:
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 90, Stn Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
Hélène V Petit*
Affiliation:
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 90, Stn Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z3, Canada
*
*For correspondence; e-mail [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Flaxseed meal (FM) is rich in the plant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) which is converted to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone (EL) by ruminal microbiota. Feeding FM to dairy cows increases linearly EL concentration in milk but enterodiol is not detected. The objectives of the study were to determine the length of time to obtain peak EL concentration in the milk of dairy cows fed 20% FM and the length of time to return to EL baseline level in milk when cows are switched from high to low intake of flax SDG. A total of 12 multiparous lactating Holstein cows were assigned randomly to one of two feeding regimens: the control (CO) diet was fed for 6 weeks or the FM diet was fed from week 0 to 3 inclusive and then cows were switched to the control diet from week 3 to 6 inclusive. Milk samples were taken weekly for EL analysis. There was a significant interaction between feeding regimen and week for milk concentration of EL as a result of higher concentration of EL from week 1 to 3 for cows on the FM regimen compared with those on the CO regimen. Concentrations of milk EL on the FM regimen maintained uniform high levels from week 1 to 3 and they decreased significantly from week 3 to 4 when the CO diet was reintroduced in week 3. This study suggests that the conversion of SDG to the mammalian lignan EL and the transfer of EL to the mammary gland are well established after one week of feeding 20% FM in the diet of dairy cows and that milk concentration of EL returns to baseline level after one week of FM deprivation.

Keywords

Enterolactoneweekly excretionmilkdairy cows
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 76 , Issue 4 , November 2009 , pp. 455 - 458
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adlercreutz, H 2007 Lignans and human health. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 44 483–525Google Scholar
Adlercreutz, H & Mazur, W 1997 Phyto-oestrogens and Western diseases. Annals of Medicine 29 95–120Google Scholar
Antignac, JP, Cariou, R, Le Bizec, B & André, F 2004 New data regarding phytoestrogens content in bovine milk. Food Chemistry 87 275–281Google Scholar
Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) 1993 Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals Vol. 1 (Eds Olfert, ED, Cross, BM & McWilliam, AA). Ottawa ON, Canada: CCACGoogle Scholar
Edmonson, AJ, Lean, IJ, Weaver, LD, Farver, T & Webster, G 1989 A body condition scoring chart for Holstein for dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 72 68–78Google Scholar
Frank, AA & Custer, LJ 1996 Diadzein and genistein concentrations in human milk after soy consumption. Clinical Chemistry 42 955–964Google Scholar
Gagnon, N, Côrtes, C, da Silva, D, Kazama, R, Benchaar, C, dos Santos, G, Zeoula, L & Petit, HV 2009 Ruminal metabolism of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) lignans to the mammalian lignan enterolactone and its concentration in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine, and milk of dairy cows. British Journal of Nutrition (in press: doi:10.1017/S0007114509344104)Google Scholar
Heinonen, S, Nurmi, T, Kiukkonen, K, Poutanen, K, Wähälä, K, Deyama, T, Nishibe, S & Adlercreutz, H 2001 In vitro metabolism of plant lignans: new precursors of mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterediol. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 49 3178–3186Google Scholar
Liu, Z, Saarinen, NM & Thompson, LU 2006 Sesamin is one of the major precursors of mammalian lignans in sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) as observed in vitro and in rats. Journal of Nutrition 136 906–912Google Scholar
Milder, IEJ, Arts, ICW, van de Putte, B, Venema, DP & Hollman, PCH 2005 Lignan contents of Dutch plant foods: a database including lariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol. British Journal of Nutrition 93 393–402Google Scholar
Muir, AD & Westcott, ND 2000 Quantification of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in baked goods containing flax seed or flax meal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48 4048–4052Google Scholar
National Research Council 2001 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Revised Edn.Washington DC, USA: National Academic PressGoogle Scholar
Nesbitt, PD, Lam, Y & Thompson, LU 1999 Human metabolism of mammalian lignan precursors in raw and processed flaxseed. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69 549–555Google Scholar
Penalvo, JL, Haajanen, KM, Botting, N & Adlercreutz, H 2005 Quantification of lignans in food using isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 9342–9347Google Scholar
Petit, HV & Gagnon, N 2009 Milk concentrations of the mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, milk production, and whole tract digestibility of dairy cows fed diets containing different concentrations of flaxseed meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology (in press: doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.04.004)Google Scholar
Petit, HV, Gagnon, N, Mir, PS, Cao, R & Cui, S 2009 Milk concentration of the mammalian lignan enterolactone, milk production, milk fatty acid profile, and digestibility in dairy cows fed diets containing whole flaxseed or flaxseed meal. Journal of Dairy Research (in press: doi:10.1017/S0022029909003999)Google Scholar
Raffaelli, B, Hoikkala, A, Leppälä, E & Wähälä, K 2002 Enterolignans. Journal of Chromatography B 777 29–43Google Scholar
Saarinen, NM, Smeds, A, Mäkelä, SI, Ämmälä, J, Hakala, K, Pihlava, JM, Ryhänen, EL, Sjöholm, R & Santti, R 2002 Structural determinants of plant lignans for the formation of enterolactone in vivo. Journal of Chromatography B 777 311–319Google Scholar
SAS Statistical Analysis System, Release 8.02. 2000. Cary NC, USA: SAS Inst. Inc.Google Scholar
Setchell, KDR, Lawson, AM, Mitchell, FL, Adlercreutz, H, Kirk, DN & Axelson, M 1980 Lignans in man and in animal species. Nature 287740–742Google Scholar
Setchell, KDR, Brown, NM & Lydeking-Olsen, E 2002 The clinical importance of metabolite equol— a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Journal of Nutrition 132 3577–3584Google Scholar
Steinshamn, H, Purup, S, Thuen, E & Hansen-Møller, J 2008 Effects of clover-grass silages and concentrate supplementation on the content of phytoestrogens in dairy cow milk. Journal of Dairy Science 91 2715–2725Google Scholar
Stopper, H, Schmitt, E & Kobras, K 2005 Genotoxicity of phytoestrogens. Mutation Research 574 139–155Google Scholar
Vanharanta, M, Voutilainen, S, Lakka, TA, Van der Lee, M, Adlercreutz, H & Salonen, JT 1999 Risk of acute coronary events according to serum concentrations of enterolactone: a prospective population-based case-control study. Lancet 354 2112–2115Google Scholar
Zhou, W, Wang, G, Han, Z, Yao, W & Zhu, W 2008 Metabolism of flaxseed lignans in the rumen and its impact on ruminal metabolism and flora. Animal Feed Science and Technology 150 18–26Google Scholar