Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T17:13:15.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mammary gland development of dairy heifers fed diets containing increasing levels of metabolisable protein: metabolisable energy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2015

Ronan L Albino ,
Marcos I Marcondes ,
Robert M Akers ,
Edenio Detmann ,
Bruno C Carvalho  and
Tadeu E Silva
Ronan L Albino*
Affiliation:
Animal Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36571-000, Brazil
Marcos I Marcondes
Affiliation:
Animal Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36571-000, Brazil
Robert M Akers
Affiliation:
Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA
Edenio Detmann
Affiliation:
Animal Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36571-000, Brazil
Bruno C Carvalho
Affiliation:
Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36038-330, Brazil
Tadeu E Silva
Affiliation:
Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36038-330, Brazil
*
*For correspondence; e-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the development of the mammary gland in Holstein heifers subjected to different dietary metabolisable protein (MP): metabolisable energy (ME) ratios. Twenty-five Holstein heifers (initial body weight (BW) 213±13·5 kg and initial average age 7·8±0·5 months) were divided into five treatments. The treatments were designed to provide MP:ME ratios equal to 33, 38, 43, 48, and 53 g of MP per Mcal of ME. All diets were formulated to have the same energy content (2·6 Mcal ME/kg dry matter). Actual MP:ME ratios were 36·2, 40·2, 46·2, 47·1, and 50·8 g MP/Mcal ME. The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design, while considering initial BW as a blocking factor to evaluate pre- and post-pubertal periods. Block effect was not observed for all variables evaluated; hence it was considered that the diets had the same influence both on pre- and post-pubertal phases. Dry matter and nutrient intake did not change between treatments, excepting protein intake and digestibility. Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 increased linearly across treatments. Changes in the pixel brightness of mammary gland ultrasound images, which are associated with lipid content, were significantly influenced by MP:ME ratios in the diet of heifers that were subjected to accelerated growth rates. It is not recommended to use diets of less than 38 g MP/Mcal ME in diets to heifers allowed to gain more than 1 kg/d.

Keywords

Heifermammary glandultrasound
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 82 , Issue 1 , February 2015 , pp. 113 - 120
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akers, RM 1990 Lactation physiology: a ruminant animal perspective. Protoplasma 159 96–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akers, RM 2000 Selection for milk production from a lactation biology viewpoint. Journal Dairy Science 5 1151–1158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, JML, Muller, D, Varga, GA & Griel, C Jr 1993 Nonstructural carbohydrate and protein effects on rumen fermentation nutrient flow and performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 76 1091–1105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AOCS 2004 Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemist's Society, 5th edition. Champaign, Urbana IL, USA: American Oil Chemists' SocietyGoogle Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990 Official Methods of Analyses of the AOAC, pp. 1–1230, 15 edition. Washington: Assoc OFF Agric ChempGoogle Scholar
Berry, SDK, Mcfadden, B, Pearson, RE & Akers, RM 2001 A local increase in the mammary IGF-1: IGFBP-3 ratio mediates the mammogenic effects of estrogen and growth hormone. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 21 39–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capuco, AV, Smith, JJ, Waldo, DR & Rexroad, CE Jr 1995 Influence of pre-pubertal dietary regimen on mammary growth of Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 78 2709–2725CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capuco, AV & Akers, RM 2010 Management and enviromental influences on mammary gland development and milk production. In Managing the Prenatal Environment to Enhance Livestock Productivity, Vol. XII (Ed. Springer Science + Business Media B. V.), Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Chen, XB & Gomes, MJ 1992 Estimation of Microbial Protein Supply to Sheep and Cattle Based on Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivatives: an Overview of the Technical Details. Aberdeen, UK: International Feed Resources Unit Rowett Research InstituteGoogle Scholar
Chizzotti, ML, Valadares Filho, SC, Valadares, RFD, Chizzotti, FHM & Tedeschi, LO 2008 Determination of creatinine excretion and evaluation of spot urine sampling in Holstein cattle. Livestock Science 113 218–225Google Scholar
Dewhurst, RJ, Davies, DR & Merry, RJ 2000 Microbial protein supply from the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology 85 1–21Google Scholar
Dobos, RC, Nandra, KS, Riley, K, Fulkerson, WJ, Lean, IJ & Kellaway, RC 2000 The effect of dietary protein level during the pre-pubertal period of growth on mammary gland development and subsequent milk production in Friesian heifers. Livestock Production Science 63 235–243Google Scholar
Ferreira, T & Rasband, WS 2011 “ImageJ User Guide – IJ 146” imagejnihgov/ij/docs/guideGoogle Scholar
Fisher, DS 2002 A review of a few key factors regulating voluntary feed intake in ruminants. Crop Science 42 1651–1655Google Scholar
Fujihara, T, Ørskov, ER, Reeds, PJ & Kyle, DJ 1987 The effect of protein infusion on urinary excretion of purine derivatives in ruminants nourished by intragastric nutrition. Journal Agricultural Science 109 7–12Google Scholar
Hoffman, PC, Brehm, NM, Price, SG & Prill-Adams, A 1996 Effect of accelerated postpubertal growth and early calving on lactation performance of primiparous holstein heifers. Journal Dairy Science 79 11Google Scholar
Hovey, RC, McFadden, TB & Akers, RM 1999 Regulation of mammary gland growth and morphogenesis by the mammary fat pad: a species comparison. Journal Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 4 53–68Google Scholar
Kerscher, L & Ziegenhorn, J 1985 Urea. In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Vol. 8, pp. 444–453 (Ed. Bergmeyer, HU). Beach, FL: VCH DeerfieldGoogle Scholar
Lalman, DL, Petersen, MK, Ansotegui, RP, Tess, MW, Clarck, CK & Wiley, JS 1993 The effects of ruminally undegradable protein propionic acid and monensin on puberty and pregnancy in beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science 71 2843–2852Google Scholar
Macdonald, KA, Penno, JW, Bryant, AM & Roche, JR 2005 Effect of feeding level pre- and post-puberty and body weight at first calving on growth, milk production, and fertility in grazing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88 3363–3375Google Scholar
Meyer, MJ, Capuco, AV, Ross, DA, Lintault, LM and Van Amburgh, ME 2006 Developmental and nutritional regulation of the pre-pubertal heifer mammary gland: i parenchyma and fat pad mass and composition. Journal of Dairy Science 89 4289–4297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council 2001 Nutrient Requeriments of Dairy Cattle, Seventh revised edition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 381 pGoogle Scholar
Nishimura, M, Yoshida, T, El-Khodery, S, Miyoshi, M, Furuokam, H, Yasuda, J & Miyahara, K 2011 Ultrasound imaging of mammary glands in dairy heifers at different stages of growth. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 73 19–24Google Scholar
Plath-Gabler, A, Gabler, C, Sinowatz, F, Berisha, B & Schams, S 2001 The expression of the IGF family and GH receptor in the bovine mammary gland. Journal Endocrinology 168 39–48Google Scholar
Prates, LL, Valadares, RFD, Valadares Filho, SC, Detmann, E, Santos, SA, Braga, JMS, Pellizzoni, SG & Barbosa, KS 2012 Endogenous fraction and urinary recovery of purine derivatives in Nellore and Holstein heifers with abomasal purine infusion. Livestock Science 150 179–186Google Scholar
Purup, SM, Vestergaard, MS, Weber, K, Akers, RM & Sejrsen, K 2000 Local regulation of pubertal mammary growth in heifers. Journal of Animal Science 78 36–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radcliff, RP, Vandehaar, MJ, Chapin, LT, Pilbeam, TE, Beede, DK, Stanisiewski, EP & Tucker, HA 2000 Effects of diet and injection of bovine somatotropin on pre-pubertal growth and first-lactation milk yields of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 83 23–29Google Scholar
Radcliff, RP, Vandehaar, MJ, Kobayashi, Y, Sharma, BK, Tucker, HA & Lucy, MC 2004 Effect of dietary energy and somatotropin on components of the somatotropic axis in holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 87 1229–1235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sejrsen, K 1994 Relationships between nutrition puberty and mammary development in cattle. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53 103–111CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sejrsen, K & Purup, S 1997 Influence of pre-pubertal feeding level on milk yield potential of dairy heifers: a review. Journal of Animal Science 75 828–835Google Scholar
Sumner, J, Valdez, MF & Mcnamara, JP 2007 Effects of chromium propionate on response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test in growing Holstein heifers. Journal Dairy Science 90 3467–3474CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valadares, RFD, Broderick, GA, Valadares Filho, SC & Clayton, MK 1999 Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives. Jounal Dairy Science 82 2686–2696CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valadares Filho, SC & Oliveira, AS 2010 Nitrogen compounds in dairy heifers diet. In [Dairy Heifers], Vol I. (Ed. Graphiti gráfica e editor ltda) Fortaleza, CEGoogle Scholar
VandeHaar, MLJ 1997 Dietary protein and mammary development of heifers. Journal Dairy Science 80 216Google Scholar
Whitlock, BK, Vandehaar, MJ, Silva, LFP & Tucker, HA 2002 Effect of dietary protein on pre-pubertal mammary development in rapidly growing dairy Heifers. Journal Dairy Science 85 1516–1525CrossRefGoogle Scholar