Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T02:29:05.484Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Investigation of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in Australian commercial milk using qPCR

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2017

Shraddha Adhikari
Affiliation:
School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia
Tanya Caro Tohme
Affiliation:
School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia
Harriet Whiley*
Affiliation:
School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia
*
*For correspondence; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This technical research communication describes the first study to use quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to investigate the presence of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) in Australian pasteurised milk. MAC is the most common NTM responsible for human illnesses and includes M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). MAC is a causative agent of lymphadenitis in children, with contaminated food and water considered as a likely source. As such the presence of MAC in milk would have public health significance. MAP has been linked to Crohn's disease and is also the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle. Previous studies have detected MAP in pasteurised milk from Brazil, India, Czech Republic, USA, Argentina, UK, Iran, Ireland and the United Kingdom. This study investigated a total of 180 commercially available Australian pasteurised milk samples which were tested for MAC DNA in triplicate using PCR. All samples were negative for MAC DNA. An additional 14 milk samples were tested, incubated for 3 weeks at 37 °C to potentially increase the concentration of any viable MAC that may be present and then retested. All samples were again negative for MAC DNA. This could be due to concentrations below the limit of detection, limited sample size or could be reflective of the Australian biosecurity control protocols and surveillance of Johne's disease in ruminant animals.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anzabi, Y & Hanifian, S 2012 Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in pasteurized milk by IS900 PCR and culture method. African Journal of Microbiology Research 6 14531456 Google Scholar
Ayele, WY, Svastova, P, Roubal, P, Bartos, M & Pavlik, I 2005 Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis cultured from locally and commercially pasteurized cow's milk in the Czech republic. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 12101214 Google Scholar
Bezerra, AVA, dos Reis, EM, Rodrigues, RO, Cenci, A, Cerva, C & Mayer, FQ 2015 Detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium complexes by real-time PCR in bovine milk from Brazilian dairy farms. Journal of Food Protection® 78 10371042 Google Scholar
Carvalho, IA, Pietralonga, PAG, Schwarz, DGG, Faria, ACS & Moreira, MAS 2012 Short communication: recovery of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from retail pasteurized whole milk in Brazil. Journal of Dairy Science 95 69466948 Google Scholar
Citer, L & Kennedy, D 2009 An integrated risk based approach to the management of Johne?s disease in Australia. In Proceedings of the 10th International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, August 9–15 2009. International Association for Paratuberculosis pp. 229231 Google Scholar
Dineen, SM, Aranda, R, Anders, DL & Robertson, JM 2010 An evaluation of commercial DNA extraction kits for the isolation of bacterial spore DNA from soil. Journal of Applied Microbiology 109 18861896 Google Scholar
Ellingson, JL, Anderson, JL, Koziczkowski, JJ, Radcliff, RP, Sloan, SJ, Allen, SE & Sullivan, NM 2005 Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail pasteurized whole milk by two culture methods and PCR. Journal of Food Protection 68 966972 Google Scholar
Falkinham, JO 2009 Surrounded by mycobacteria: nontuberculous mycobacteria in the human environment. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107 356367 Google Scholar
Franco, MMJ, Paes, AC, Ribeiro, MG, de Figueiredo Pantoja, JC, Santos, ACB, Miyata, M, Leite, CQF, Motta, RG & Listoni, FJP 2013 Occurrence of mycobacteria in bovine milk samples from both individual and collective bulk tanks at farms and informal markets in the southeast region of Sao Paulo, Brazil. BMC Veterinary Research 9 85 Google Scholar
Grant, I, Ball, H & Rowe, M 1998 Effect of high-temperature, short-time (HTST) pasteurization on milk containing low numbers of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Letters in Applied Microbiology 26 166170 Google Scholar
Grant, I, Pope, C, O'Riordan, L, Ball, H & Rowe, M 2000 Improved detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk by immunomagnetic PCR. Veterinary Microbiology 77 369378 Google Scholar
Grant, IR, Ball, HJ & Rowe, MT 2002 Incidence of mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bulk raw and commercially pasteurized cows’ milk from approved dairy processing establishments in the United Kingdom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 24282435 Google Scholar
Kaevska, M, Slana, I, Kralik, P, Reischl, U, Orosova, J, Holcikova, A & Pavlik, I 2011 Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis” in neck lymph nodes of children and their environment examined by culture and triplex quantitative real-time PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49 167172 Google Scholar
Mdegela, RH, Karimuribo, E, Kusiluka, LJM, Kabula, B, Manjurano, A, Kapaga, AM & Kambarage, DM 2005 Mastitis in smallholder dairy and pastoral cattle herds in the urban and peri-urban areas of the Dodoma municipality in Central Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development 17 article 123Google Scholar
Mendoza, JL, Lana, R & Díaz-Rubio, M 2009 Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and its relationship with Crohn's disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology 15 417 Google Scholar
Millar, D, Ford, J, Sanderson, J, Withey, S, Tizard, M, Doran, T & Hermon-Taylor, J 1996 IS900 PCR to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail supplies of whole pasteurized cows’ milk in England and Wales. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62 34463452 Google Scholar
Naser, SA, Sagramsingh, SR, Naser, AS & Thanigachalam, S 2014 Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes Crohn's disease in some inflammatory bowel disease patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology 20 74037415 Google Scholar
O'Reilly, CE, O'Connor, L, Anderson, W, Harvey, P, Grant, IR, Donaghy, J, Rowe, M & O'Mahony, P 2004 Surveillance of bulk raw and commercially pasteurized cows’ milk from approved Irish liquid-milk pasteurization plants to determine the incidence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 51385144 Google Scholar
Paolicchi, FA, Zumarraga, MJ, Gioffre, A, Zamorano, P, Morsella, C, Verna, A, Cataldi, A, Alito, A & Romano, M 2003 Application of different methods for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in a dairy cattle herd in Argentina. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 50 2026 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, H, Jang, H, Kim, C, Chung, B, Chang, C, Park, SK & Song, S 2000 Detection and identification of Mycobacteria by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer regions with genus- and species-specific PCR primers. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38 4080 Google Scholar
Primm, TP, Lucero, CA & Falkinham, JO 2004 Health impacts of environmental mycobacteria. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17 98106 Google Scholar
Rubin, DS & Rahal, JJ 1994 Mycobacterium-avium complex. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 8 413426 Google Scholar
Shankar, H, Singh, SV, Singh, PK, Singh, AV, Sohal, JS & Greenstein, RJ 2010 Presence, characterization, and genotype profiles of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from unpasteurized individual and pooled milk, commercial pasteurized milk, and milk products in India by culture, PCR, and PCR-REA methods. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 e121e126 Google Scholar
Slana, I, Liapi, M, Moravkova, M, Kralova, A & Pavlik, I 2009 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cow bulk tank milk in Cyprus detected by culture and quantitative IS900 and F57 real-time PCR. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 89 223226 Google Scholar
Van Brandt, L, Van der Plancken, I, De Block, J, Vlaemynck, G, Van Coillie, E, Herman, L & Hendrickx, M 2011 Adequacy of current pasteurization standards to inactivate Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk and phosphate buffer. International Dairy Journal 21 295304 Google Scholar
Whiley, H, Keegan, A, Fallowfield, H & Bentham, R 2014 Detection of Legionella, L. pneumophila and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) along potable water distribution pipelines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 73937495 Google Scholar