Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T12:14:03.049Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The measurement of whole-word productions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 November 2002

DAVID INGRAM
Affiliation:
Arizona State University

Abstract

Attempts to measure phonological acquisition have largely focused on segments, with less effort made to examine whole-word productions. This article proposes four measures designed to estimate a child's whole-word abilities: 1. the PHONOLOGICAL MEAN LENGTH OF UTTERANCE, a measure of whole-word complexity for both child and target words, 2. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD PROXIMITY, a measure of the proximity between the child's word and its target form, 3. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD CORRECTNESS, a measure of the number of words produced correctly relative to the sample size, and 4. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD VARIABILITY, a measure of how often a child produces words in distinct phonological shapes. The central measure is the Phonological Mean Length of Utterance, which can be used to identify a child's stage of acquisition, to assess proximity to target words, and to evaluate the complexity of words. The value of the new measures will be demonstrated through preliminary applications to a range of contexts; i.e. monolingual children acquiring English (five children, 0;11 to 1;5), Cantonese (one child, 1;7), and Spanish (5 children, 2;2 to 2;11), bilingual children acquiring Hungarian-English (one child, 2;0) and Spanish-English (3 children, 2;4 to 2;11), children with phonological impairment (eighteen children, 2;11 to 5;3), and children with cochlear implants (six children, 4;5 to 7;11).

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2002 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Preliminary reports of this line of investigation were presented at the Child Phonology Conference, University of Northern Iowa, June 2000, and the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Washington, D.C., November, 2000. I would like to thank the participants of those presentations for their comments, especially Barbara Hodson, Kim Oller, Matthew Rispoli, David Snow, and Amy Weiss. I also am grateful to my colleagues and students at Arizona State University, Roy Major, Jeanne Wilcox, Miriam Garlant, Cynthia Loatman, Patricia McCartney, for their comments and/or assistance, and especially Ferenc Bunta and Kelly Ingram who also provided invaluable help with the manuscript. Address for correspondence: David Ingram, Department of Speech and Hearing Science, P.O. Box 870102, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85257-8516, USA.